J. Oakes suggests that one of the reasons this happens is because of the existence of a "hidden curriculum-, one in which teachers' expectations and judgments are based on subtle behavior traits that are a part of each student's home life and are brought to the classroom. Many students in lower tracks are placed there because of, according to Oakes, "misbehavior and nonconformity- which teachers associate with slowness (91). So do teachers assume that poor and minority students are misbehaved and non-conforming? In Ain't No Makin' It, MacLeod told us that the "Hallway Hangers- (low-income "problem- students who would not behave or conform in school) responded better to the teacher (Jimmy Sullivan) that they identified as being a part of their same social class. The Hallway Hangers respected their teacher because he was raised in the projects where the students now live, he talked the way they did; he was tough and stubborn just like they were. The other (middle-class) teachers were found by the Hallway Hangers to be "condescending- and "pussies- that " don't know how to deal with us kids' - (MacLeod, 108-109). Clearly, a teacher who understood their "language- and behavior and identified with their social background was able to communicate with them and help them at least to stay in school. Teachers who couldn't relate to lower-class students weren't respected by those students. In their book, Social Foundations of Educational Decisions, Fischer and Thomas state that distinctive things about a subculture (including language and behavior) have a definite influence on a child's learning style (26-27) and that "informal education- "which occurs outside of a formal school setting (mostly in the home) and is different in every family and subculture "causes differences in the way children learn (34). In their essay "Social Class and Education,"" Brookover and Gottlieb refer to studies done by sociologists and educators that indicate that "eventual expression of talent- (Chilcott, 264) is affected by the ways parents rear their children, and that the expectations and attitudes of parents affect their children's achievements in school.
