Regarding change, we’ll consider the views of Heracleitus, who said that everything changes into something else, and Parmenides, who said that nothing every changes, and Aristotle, who said that sometimes things change into other things, sometimes they don’t change, and sometimes they change without changing into something else.

But first, I want to give you a brief account of the background of this dispute, by considering the ancient Greek philosophers and their discussions of nature and MATTER. I will not spend a lot of time on this subject or have much on it on the test; rather, I want to cover it as background material for the discussion of change.

the common sense view of the world (or the universe which for them was the same thing).

Now the earliest ancient Greek philosophers studied nature. In doing so, they were especially interested what things are composed of the matter or stuff they are made of.

Several of them said that earth is cold and dry, water is cold and wet, air is warm and wet, and fire is hot and dry.

And just as Western civilization began in ancient Greece, so Western philosophy also began in ancient Greece.)

Also, they often thought that the sun was made of fire, so that fire was above or outside of the air.

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