The anti-superstition campaign was truly a last ditch effort by the elite to retain their control and power. By the 1930's the nationalist ideology had lost its predominance and was surpassed by the ideologies of noirisme and socialism. The noirisme movement leaders claimed that socialism was not for Haiti due to their underdevelopment.12 Duvailer and the noirisme movement continued to gain support and influence by uniting the black majority in the struggle against the elites. The nationalist movement and socialism were far less united, with various factions each holding their own ideas, and the movements had far less support and influence. By 1957, the noirisme movement reached its goal when Duvalier was elected president.

The noiristes claimed that they were aligned with nationalists, however; the elite nationalists found their beliefs offensive.9 The demands of the noiristes were a respect for African traditions, such as, voodoo as a religion, culture, music, art, and a restructured education system which placed less emphasis on the Catholic church which was see as holding European values. Their political demands were for the new black middle class and the huge black peasant class to put aside their jealousies and align themselves and elect a black president who will work to serve their interests.10 It was this emphasis on Haiti's link to Africa and the stress on the issue of color that was so offensive to the nationalists. These beliefs placed race and African roots about patriotism towards their nation which did not sit well with nationalists.

The United States occupation had a direct influence on this course of events in Haiti because it was their occupation of Haiti that forced the mulatto elite to come behind the movement of racial pride. It was this movement that gave rise to nationalism, with its ideology of returning to the past. At its formation this movement was not elitist in nature; however, the elite quickly took over this movement and used it and its ideology to pursue their personal interests of retaining power. This became clear when the noirisme movement claimed that they had a similar ideology. The nationalist leaders could not help but oppose this statement because it threatened their own power. Despite their attempts to promote their cause and retain power, the nationalists grip on the Haitian population quickly slipped. This became very clear with the creation and quick failure of the anti-superstition campaign. The noirisme movement succeeded against the nationalist movement and the mulatto elite due to the nature of the Haitian class structure. The mulatto elite had kept the black masses not united and not a threat until the need arose to band together. The noirisme movement emerged and allowed the black population to unite by instilling pride in their African heritage and traditions, and uniting them against European customs that united them against the mulatto elite.

The US occupation first sparked the nationalist social movement which was based on the need for Haitians to come together. The United States occupation had many positive benefits, such as building infrastructure and bringing order to the nation, a level which most Haitians had never seen. At first some of the population accepted the US occupation, however; the nationalist movement mobilized shortly after the invasion and gathered support. The growth of this movement became apparent in 1918 when guerilla warfar

Some topics in this essay:
, Christianity Practicing, European African, Pauleus Sannon, Haitians United, Francois Duvalier, Stenio Vincent, mulatto elite, noirisme movement, Haiti Africa, middle class, black masses, anti-superstition campaign, occupation haiti, retaining power, racial pride, percent population, black middle, black middle class, power noirisme movement, white fathers black, colonial social structure,