mental structure, which included supreme emperor at the top and the court structure, which consisted of the empress and her family. After the 14th century, a significant aspect of the imperial bureaucracy was the Six Boards: Board of Personnel, Board of Revenue, Board of Rites, Board of War, Board of Punishment, and Board of Works. The structure of local government was also intricate, with provinces divided into prefectures, subsequently divided into counties, townships, and villages. The county magistrate had to govern a vast area with scarce resources to do so, yet all local power was subject to that of higher levels of government. The competitive civil service examination was used to select prestigious Chinese officials and was based on Confucian classics. Even the legal system in traditional China was influenced by Confucian ideas. For instance, crimes that were committed against family members were punished more severely than others. Even though China boasted well renown military strategist Sun Zi, military was not looked that highly at during imperial China. One use of the military was to deal with barbarians of the time– any non-Han Chinese group that interacted with the Han. Different techniques were used for dealing with the barbarians, but sometimes they were able to set up their own dynasties. Various interpretations of Chinese history were made including Karl Marx’s view that China’s history was unchanging, the Marxist view of historical progression from primitive communism, Karl Wittfogel’s view of Oriental despotism, Naito Konsan’s Naito hypothesis, and the view that success was based on whom one knew.

The second article was named, “The Needham Puzzle: Why the Industrial Revolution Did Not Originate in China.” Although most all factors that were present in the Industrial Revolution in England were seen in China, nothing of the sort took place in China during the 14th century. Back during 300 B.C., the Chinese had much privately owned land, high social division and free movement of labor, and good input-output markets, which all were characteristics of a market economy. The high-level equilibrium trap hypothesis revolves around the idea that if the development of technology is

Some topics in this essay:
Needham Puzzle, Konsan’s Naito, Punishment Board, BC Chinese, Chinese Tradition”, Sun Zi, Hundred Schools, Schools Confucianism, Karl Marx’s, Revolution England, industrial revolution, invention distribution, traditional china, needham puzzle, scientific revolution, man-to-land ratio, technological invention, civil service examination, makes sense, civil service, 14th century, invention distribution curve, crimes committed family,