They range from the lowest-order needs of Physiological to the highest-order need of Self-actualization. Individuals are motivated at their level of need, and once a lower-order need is satisfied, the next higher-order need becomes the individual’s motivational drive. Author Kenneth Van Sickle believes that the motivational theories represented by McGregor (Theory X, Theory Y) and Herzberg (Hygiene Seeker, Motivation Seeker) reflects two distinct personality types. These two personalities can be defined relative to Maslow’s Hierarchy, and he labels these personalities Low-order Need Person and High-order Need Person. The Low-order Need Person, or LONP, operates at the lower three levels of Maslow’s Hierarchy, the motivators being: Physiological, Safety and Security, and Social. McGregor’s Theory X Characterization describes a similar person, as does Herzberg’s Hygiene Seeker. In contrast, the High-order Need Person, or HONP, operates at the higher end of Maslow’s Hierarchy, has characteristics of McGregor’s Theory Y, and Herzberg’s Motivation Seeker. These personalities differ in the needs they value, and therefore, the needs that motivate them to action. (VanSickle, 1995, pg. 35-41) Figure 1. McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y Characterization Theory X Assumptions · People dislike work and will avoid it if possible · People must be coerced, controlled, directed, or threatened with punishment · People will avoid responsibility, have little ambition and want security above all else Theory Y Assumptions · People will exercise self-direction and self-control to achieve objectives to which they are committed · Commitment to objectives is a function of recognition associated with their achievements · People will seek responsibility · People will exercise a relatively high degree of imagination, ingenuity, and creativity to solve organizational problems Figure 2. Herzberg’s Motivation Hygiene Theory Motivation Factors · Sense of achievement · Form of Recognition · Qualitative value of the work · Level of responsibility · Opportunity for advancement · Personal growth development Hygiene Factors · Job Security · Salary · Working conditions · Status · Perception of company policy · Quality of technical supervision · Quality of interpersonal relations · Fringe benefits Figure 3. Maslow’s Need Hierarchy 1. Physiological Needs · General needs--food, drink, shelter, pain avoidance · Workplace needs—salary and working conditions 2. Safe

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Van Sickle, Change Successful, Motivation Workplace, View Whatever, Theory Assumptions, Herzberg Maslow, Safety Security, Thesaurus Webster, Job Security, Maslow’s Hierarchy, · people, van sickle, resistance change, maslow’s hierarchy, van sickle 1995, people motivated, · workplace, katzenbach 1995, rodgers 1987, fringe benefits, sickle 1995, responsibility little ambition, avoid responsibility little, lonp operates lower, rodgers 1987 pg,