Proteins are macromolecules, formed from the 20 amino amino acids used for life. ... A polypeptide chain is composed of adjacent amino acids, where the α-carboxyl group of an amino acid is linked to the α-amino group of the adjacent amino acid. ... The structures formed are dependent on the amino acid sequence present in the primary structure. ... Hydrogen bonds occur between the oxygen of carbonyl groups and hydrogen of amino groups, 4 residues away, creating the compact helical shape as residues are pulled tightly together. ... The most common are formed from the transfer of a positive hyd...

• Word Count: 1582
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Lipids are a group of compounds that include fats and oils. ... All amino acids contain an amino group and a carboxylic acid group. Both these groups are attached to a central carbon atom, known as the alpha carbon which is the backbone of the amino acid. The R group varies between different amino acids and is what allows the great variation between them. Amino acids are readily soluble in water. ...

• Word Count: 1230
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

These structures are held together by hydrogen bonds. ... Due to the unique charges on each amino group and carboxylic group of the amino acids, the group will act accordingly depending on the pH of the buffer. For example, if the solution is acidic, the amino group will be positively charged while the carboxyl group will not be ionized. ... The carboxyls will be negatively charged while the amino group will not be ionized. Due to these facts, the amino groups will act accordingly either moving toward the positive electrode or the negative electrode. ...

• Word Count: 858
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• Grade Level: High School

Proteins are essential to maintaining the structure and function of all life. ... These amino acids join together as chains which can be twisted and folded depending on the molecular structure. ... Peptide bonds are formed in amino acids between the amino and carboxyl group of adjacent amino acids to make peptide chains. ... However this sequence of amino acids is only the beginning, the primary structure. On top of this you may have the secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures depending on the complexity of its use. ...

• Word Count: 654
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• Grade Level: High School

Hydroxyl groups project outwards to form hydrogen bonds with hydroxyl groups of adjacent chains; this gives the whole structure a high tensile strength. ... R is an H or alkyl group. ... The general formula of an amino acid is: The simplest amino acid is glycine; it is formed when the R group is substituted by hydrogen. ... The primary structure of proteins is the linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. ... Secondary structure is the arrangement of the primary structure along one axis. ...

• Word Count: 1520
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• Grade Level: High School

A peptide bond is when the carbon in the carboxyl group of one amino acid connects to a nitrogen in the amino group of another amino acid. ... Once all the amino acids join together or connect by peptides bonds, they form a sequence of amino acids also known as a polypeptide chain that become the primary structure of a protein. ... This is called the secondary structure. After the secondary structure the tertiary structure is formed. ... This shape is determined by the interactions between the R-group or side chains on the amino acids. ...

• Word Count: 679
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• Grade Level: High School

Prions are proteins, a diverse group of macromolecules. ... Amino acids have a single carbon linked to: an amino group, a carboxylic acid group and a side chain. These side chains vary in structure and determine the chemical properties of the amino acids. ... The primary structure is the specific linear sequence of amino acids that constitute the chain. ... This sequence of amino acids is very important in both the structure and function of the proteins. ...

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Galacturonic acid is still very similar to glucose, except one of the carbons has a -COOH group attached instead of a CH2-OH. ... What holds enzymes together in the first place: Enzymes are proteins and proteins are constructed from chains of amino acids (20 possible different ones). ... Only the folded structure forms the catalytic or active site. However this folded structure will generally be held together by non-covalent interactions unlike the covalent bonds that hold the amino acid links together. ... Enzymes that do well at very high temperatures tend to have a more rigid, inflexible st...

• Word Count: 530
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The structure of hair is the first thing that cosmetologists have to deal with. ... The salt bond also has to due with part of the structure of our hair. ... The last bond in the hair structure is the sugar bond. ... This bond is made up between the side chain of an amino acid and the OH group and an acidic amino group. ... It has a structure of a coiled coil and is formed when amino acids come together. ...

• Word Count: 1080
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

As the more complex cell, eukaryotic has various structures (organelles) in the cell. One of the most fundamental structures is the plasma membrane. ... Nevertheless they can easily move around, the hydrophobic tails are still mutually attached which can acts as a barrier for those polar substances, for example, amino acids, sugar and salts. ... Moreover there are numbers of other proteins that also embedded in plasma membrane, and they divided into two groups; integral membrane protein and peripheral membrane protein. ... In addition, the movement of molecules into cells can be rendered t...

• Word Count: 936
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

A protein is any of the group of highly complex organic compounds found in all living cells and comprising the most abundant class of all molecules. ... Amino acids differ not only in R-group (classification) characteristics but also in molecular weight. ... A protein may be comprised of amino acids from all of the categories. The net charge of a protein will depend on its amino acid composition. ... The fields of genetics and medicine will be able to use the information to study the structure of proteins from the interaction of several genes. ...

• Word Count: 1589
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

A protein is any of the group of highly complex organic compounds found in all living cells and comprising the most abundant class of all molecules. ... Amino acids differ not only in R-group (classification) characteristics but also in molecular weight. ... A protein may be comprised of amino acids from all of the categories. The net charge of a protein will depend on its amino acid composition. ... The fields of genetics and medicine will be able to use the information to study the structure of proteins from the interaction of several genes. ...

• Word Count: 1595
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The Structure of Proteins Primary Structure The primary structure of a protein is the type and sequence of the amino acids used in the polypeptide. ... Any further structure is a result of the primary structure's sequence. ... Tertiary Structure The tertiary structure is that which causes the secondary structure itself to fold around, creating an even more complex structure. ... Various types of bonds are used in these links: hydrogen bonds between R groups, disulphide bonds between two cysteines molecules, as in the primary structure, ionic bonds between R groups containing ...

• Word Count: 467
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• Grade Level: High School

Each nucleotide is made of three parts; a nitrogen containing organic base, a pentose sugar and one or more phosphate groups. ... The nucleotides in each polynucleotide chain are joined together between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the hydroxyl group on carbon 3 of the sugar on another nucleotide. ... DNA also has a degenerate code which means that there is more than one triplet code for the same amino acid. ... A gene is a section of DNA codes for polypeptides ( a sequence of amino acids) which combine to make proteins. ... A silent mutation is where the base change codes for t...

• Word Count: 1977
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

They provide structure. ... Amino Acids are the monomers of proteins. The basic parts of an amino acid are an amine group, a carboxylic group, and a side chain and all attached to an alpha-carbon. There are two types of proteins, fibrous proteins which provide structure and are usually long and thin. ... They are made up of three parts: a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group. ...

• Word Count: 421
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• Grade Level: High School

They provide structure. ... Amino Acids are the monomers of proteins. The basic parts of an amino acid are an amine group, a carboxylic group, and a side chain and all attached to an alpha-carbon. There are two types of proteins, fibrous proteins which provide structure and are usually long and thin. ... They are made up of three parts: a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group. ...

• Word Count: 421
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• Grade Level: High School

Cell Structure and Organelles Purpose To study the structure and function of organelles in eukaryotic plant and animal cells. ... Microtubules are long and straight and have helical lattice structure. 6. ... Polysomes play a major role in protein synthesis, which is the process in which amino acids are linearly arranged into proteins according to DNA sequence. 11. Yes, this is because a polyribosome is a group of ribosomes. 12. ... Gap junctions consist of special membrane proteins that surround a pore through which ions, sugars, amino acids, and other small molecules may pass. 28. ...

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Each of these groups accompanied by at least one example and within the autosomal recessive disorders, haemoglobinopathies are discussed. There is then a brief discussion about the molecular basis of some cancers and the other groups of human molecular diseases. ... The field is however developing quickly with ever growing knowledge of gene structure and functions, from projects such as the Human Genome project. ... A missense mutation involves the substitution of a different base which results in a different amino acid being encoded. ... In the Becker form the reading remains inta...

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In many experiments, two groups are observed: an experimental group and a control group. Ideally the two groups are identical except for a single factor. That factor is called the variable factor, and it should be the only difference between the two groups. ...

• Word Count: 10700
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• Grade Level: High School

Prions are proteins, a diverse group of macromolecules. ... Amino acids have a single carbon linked to: an amino group, a carboxylic acid group and a side chain. These side chains vary in structure and determine the chemical properties of the amino acids. ... The primary structure is the specific linear sequence of amino acids that constitute the chain. ... This sequence of amino acids is very important in both the structure and function of the proteins. ...

• Word Count: 2559
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• Grade Level: High School

He retired from the National Institutes of Health in 1981, and joined the faculty of John Hopkins University in 1982 as biochemist and biology professor.1 In the 1950's, he began to look more in depth into the relationship 2 between the structure and the function in enzymes. When he studied ribonuclease, Anfinsen proposed that the tertiary structure of a protein resides in the chemistry of its amino acid sequence. Many proteins could spontaneously refold to their n...

• Word Count: 823
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• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

The phosphate group of each nucleotide bonds with a carbon from the deoxyribose. ... This specifies the sequence of amino acids in a protein. ... Proteins control both the cell's movement and it's structure. ... The tRNA molecules were then matched up with an amino acid. ... DNA is not nearly complex in structure as I had thought either. ...

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This was because glycine is an amino acid and not a good food source (Alberts, 1998). ... The structure would be different then that of carbon sources and the yeast enzymes would not recognize it, therefore; would not ferment. ... The different results could indicate different things about the solutions chemical structures, thus; tell how certain enzymes, in particular yeast, recognize them. ... Amino acid, glycine, was not an energy producer along with water, which is also not an energy producer. ... Are all amino acids not food sources for a cell? ...

• Word Count: 1293
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Protein provides amino acids and energy for the formation of new muscle, connective tissue, and bone, as well as for synthesis of a large number of enzymes, hormones, and plasma protein. ... Amino Acid Needs- the nine amino acids that are essential for adults are also essential for infants. Several amino acids are considered conditionally essential. ... For example cysteine is an essential amino acid during early infancy, because the synthetic enzymes that convert methionine to cysteine are not fully developed. Carnitine, also an amino acid, plays a central role in the metabolism of fat, i...

• Word Count: 2772
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