The Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2000: Conductive polymers Contents Prize motivation 1 Conductive polymers - a surprising discovery 1 What is electrical conductivity? 2 What makes a material conductive? 3 Conductive polymers - the story 4 Applications of conductive polymers 5 Synthesis and processing 6 Mechanism of polymer conductivity - role of doping 6 Molecular electron-transfer theory 11 Electroluminescent polymers - second-generation conductive polymers 13 From silicon physics to molecular electronics 14 References and further reading 15 Prize motivation The Royal Swedish Academy of Science...

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... the thesis findings. 2. How can we use results to make teaching and learning more effective? 2.1 Recapitulating the findings The thesis set out to demonstrate what had seemed initially to be a simple truth: Extensive reading is good for L2 vocabulary development because you will run into new words often and this will help you learn them. Matters proved to be far less ... return to in the final section of the chapter which offers proposals for further investigation, including ways of arriving at a better understanding of what a learner's probability matrix represents. But first we will d...

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... planning. What is planning? Planning is the process of finding a sequence of steps which when put into action will achieve an intended result. In our everyday lives this is usually a simple process; we plan our actions all the time, whether it's deciding to go to the bank before going to the pub so that we can afford to buy a round of ... event happening are of particular relevance when using certain modelling techniques To be completely clear as to what we might mean when we talk about uncertainty, let us look at a simple example. Suppose we have a set of four cards: the ace and two of...

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... relationship universally accepted in the relevant scientific community. A scientific theory is more open to doubt and refutation as against hypothesis which is tentative. Laws do not provide explanations; they simple state the relationship between the relevant variables. Theories give more of a picture, some insight into how it is that a law holds. What are these scientific theories? Two views ... orientation of a polarizer or the needle of a meter. There are a set of empirical mathematical rules for computing complex amplitude given an experimental setup. Briefly the Copenhagen interpre...

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... Can they learn enough about the vagaries of business to make a profit? Students of all ages will enjoy the challenge provided by this simple game, which simulates some real business challenges and demonstrates how math fluency can help overcome them. Older students, especially those with a new ... slime trail as they move about"? Only time will tell! Moneyopolis , a site maintained by the accounting firm of Ernst & Young, provides a simple and effective financial planning curriculum for students in grades 6 through 8. In My Money, students learn that the financial planning process is mad...

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... of the above notions of distance measure behavior. Despite this, they are useful in certain problem domain where they capture the required essential difference between data instances, or are computationally simple to calculate. We briefly describe some commonly used measures. Common Measures The Manhattan, or City Block, metric simply sums the absolute differences between the components of the vectors being ... information retrieval, is the cosine angle distance . This is the cosine of the angle subtended by two points from the origin, subtracted from unity: The dot product form is part...

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... be using interview and observation as the instrument to carry out the study and to obtain the data. The researcher will be using the probability sampling, which is systematic sampling in this research to identify the respondents. 1.6 Structure of the Thesis This thesis on the impact of ... the policy and macro planning system, the approving subsystem and the user subsystem. The four subsystems is a simple analogy model of the overall housing systems, each with its own functions, requirements, problems and objective"(Ibrahim Wahab & Omar Osman, 1993, p.64). These systems become the determ...

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... dominated "high theory" in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and eventually led to an agreement that reswitching and capital reversing were theoretically possible (Harcourt, 1972). This posed serious problems for the justification of the use of the neoclassical one-sector aggregate production function as a "parable". The revival of interest in growth theory with the development of endogenous growth theory ... a variety of assumptions. Houthakker (1955-6) developed a model where, although each industry was subject to a fixed coefficients technology, the aggregate data behaved as if it were...

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... marketing intelligence and marketing research. Internal Data Many companies hold information on internal databases, which can be easily accessed by the marketing manager to identify marketing opportunities and problems, plan programmes and evaluate performance. Such data can be obtained from: - Service records Sales records Warranty claims Sales volumes Sales revenues Quality reports Delivery records Etc ... Analysis Information gathered by the company's marketing intelligence and marketing research systems often needs further analysis. Managers may need assistance in applying the informa...

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... dominated the idea of classical physics is that things must either be a wave or a particle. It may seem like a simple enough idea, but it has caused more problems than answers since the mid-nineteenth centaury. There have been numerous advancements that have helped bring quantum theory to relevance, but ... white, and he was only one-eighth (1/8) black, only one of his great-grandparents was black. I would argue that wave and particle behavior, like probability, is how higher dimensions impact our world. Because we cannot fully experience higher dimensions in our world, although they are ...

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... canola has become an indispensable tool of modern agriculture, cloning farm animals feasible as it may be had never become widespread. Even simple embryo splitting the techniques used by the George Washington University researchers on human cells, is too expensive and complicated to take off commercially ... feelings. But they have not created human life or destroyed human life in their experiment. To Hall and Stillman, human cloning is simple the next step in the logical progression that started with in citro fertilization and is driven by a desire relieve human suffering, in ... wer...

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... but a bunch of head games. Even misconceptions about philosophy are still conceptions. Philosophies restore to things their weight by seriously taking the problems and paradoxes that have seem to bewilder men and women since the beginning. Lightness and weight are two things that exist in our existence ... philosophers have identified four main branches of their discipline. They are logic, metaphysics, epistemology and axiology. These branches of philosophy are clusters of problems and questions. Logic comes from the Greek word logos, which means reasoned discourse. Logic can also be defi...

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... but a bunch of head games. Even misconceptions about philosophy are still conceptions. Philosophies restore to things their weight by seriously taking the problems and paradoxes that have seem to bewilder men and women since the beginning. Lightness and weight are two things that exist in our existence ... philosophers have identified four main branches of their discipline. They are logic, metaphysics, epistemology and axiology. These branches of philosophy are clusters of problems and questions. Logic comes from the Greek word logos, which means reasoned discourse. Logic can also be defi...

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... the effort one might expend from an individual at work. Expectancy is the belief that one's effort will result in attainment of desired performance goals. The variables affecting individuals Ÿ expectancy probability are self-efficacy, i.e., a person's belief about his or her ability to perform a particular task successfully (see also below), goal difficulty, or perceived control over performance (e.g., many ... and other extrinsic factors such as competition and evaluations can be detrimental to outcomes such as creativity, cognitive flexibility, and problem solving (Amabile, Goldfarb ...

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... from illness or disease has been alieved. Now a days, acupuncture is being used to "treat" a number of current issues from a simple migraine or back pain to various forms of addiction, such as alcohol, nicotine, or cocaine addiction. In focusing on acupuncture as our example, we can ... theory still stands, until there is evidence to refute it. Therefore, to Popper, if testing shows that a treatment is seen to work, beyond the probability of chance, and after repeated trials with the same outcome, then the treatment, according to Popper, would be considered valid. On the other hand, ... ...

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... of Camry's and Corolla's. Consumers were reporting that the accelerator on these vehicles was sticking. Toyota tried to explain it away as a simple flaw in the floor mat design. However, after 52 deaths and 2,600 complaints to the NHTSA, Toyota started to reconsider their attempts to ... my place of business. Customers are constantly giving us feedback on the things they liked, or disliked, about a product. From this simple, basic data, the ingredients to our products are improved for better customer quality, and for this reason it would be useful in researching ... survey is to derive c...

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... reductionism or materialism, in which matter is the fundamental reality and only material causes are effective. The philosopher Daniel Dennett has defended a strong neo-Darwinian position, drawing from biology, probability theory, cognitive science, and computer simulations. Evolution, he asserts, is the product of a mindless, purposeless process. He vehemently rejects all forms of intelligent design, including Darwin's belief ... Through natural selection, those genes that confer adaptive advantages are passed on with greater frequency. Selection is thus an automatic impersonal process ...

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... increase with age, however, this may be because professionals tend to see older children who are in school. Abuse rates did not appear to vary between races, but, the probability that the child dies as a result of abuse is marginally higher among black children than among white children. This conclusion does not hold too much water because there were very ... " (Anderson and Schlossberg, 2003: 109). When a husband can not meet his "family responsibilities and role expectation" because of these socioeconomic factors, the level of stress is enhanced and the probability of violence is incre...

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... them to release the detainees (Fackler & Johnson, 2010). In the end, China was seen as the victor, which eventually sparked a nationalist battle between the two countries. What started as a simple territory dispute turned into a personal confrontation between two historical enemies. The war torn history of Japan and China is a large part of why the two governments refused to surrender. The ... today. Currently, the United States recognizes that the Senkakus are under Japanese administrative control, and therefore are protected under article five of the 1952 Treaty of Mutual Cooperation a...

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... Third, personalized conflicts almost always get worse over time, if they cannot be converted to substantive conflict. That is because each person expects problems, looks for them, finds them, and gets angrier. Let's look at the previous example but change the way the situation was handled. ... change are virtually eliminated In some cases • Many conflicts run for years • People have given up on resolving and addressing conflict problems • There is a good deal of private bitching and complaining but little attempt to fix the problem • Staff show little interest ... be able to fo...

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... and well-managed opponents. For several years after IBM launched its first PC, it dominated the market-focusing on a synergistic relationship with Microsoft. After hearing the dire predictions regarding the probability of Apple surviving IBM domination, Steven Jobs realized that professional marketing help was vital. John Scully, a professional in marketing, concluded that Apple desperately needed a keen update on its ... in advertising directed at this younger market, they could increase unit sales through placement. There are very few disadvantages to this solution as developing a com...

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... well-managed opponents. For several years after IBM launched its first PC, it dominated the market "focusing on a synergistic relationship with Microsoft. After hearing the dire predictions regarding the probability of Apple surviving IBM domination, Steven Jobs realized that professional marketing help was vital. John Scully, a professional in marketing, concluded that Apple desperately needed a keen update on its ... in advertising directed at this younger market, they could increase unit sales through placement. There are very few disadvantages to this solution as developing a compet...

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... help to explain regional differences in poverty rates. Educational attainment varies over regions and is strongly associated with a reduced probability of being poor. Demographic factors such as the family being headed by a single parent or by a member of a minority are associated with an ... increased probability of being poor (Regional Difference ). The one thing worse than poverty I would have to say is being homeless and having no ... can sort of live in poverty. When you are homeless you have no foundation. " Homelessness is regarded as one of the most urgent and complex domestic p...

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1. SUB OPTIMISATION One of the serious organisational problems that has developed in the casino business in the last few years has been a growing sub optimisation of the overall hotel casino performance. There have ... of children). The longer you flip a coin, the more likely the number of heads and tails will equalise. Actually, the latter two examples are identical, if certain simple assumptions are made. In the case of the coin, we shall suppose that the coin is "fair", so that on any one flip, head and tail are equally ... family a marvellous illustration for stressing certain points. ...

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... well-managed opponents. For several years after IBM launched its first PC, it dominated the market "focusing on a synergistic relationship with Microsoft. After hearing the dire predictions regarding the probability of Apple surviving IBM domination, Steven Jobs realized that professional marketing help was vital. John Scully, a professional in marketing, concluded that Apple desperately needed a keen update on its ... in advertising directed at this younger market, they could increase unit sales through placement. There are very few disadvantages to this solution as developing a compet...

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