... before Stalin's dispatch to the area); the next month Stalin and his subordinate Yegorov failed to isolate the outnumbered Polish forces, and the Poles managed a fighting retreat back across the border. Later, when the campaign reached central Poland, Stalin ignored orders to assist the general in charge of the operation (Mikhail Tukhachevsky) with his drive on Warsaw ... came from all walks of life: kulaks, orthodox believers, bourgeois specialists, borderland minorities, and other "class enemies". Slavery became an important factor in the calculations of all Five Year Plans, includin...

• Word Count: 7028
• Approx Pages: 28
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... who eventually failed as an independent artisan and left his family to work in a factory in Tiflis which was the capital of Georgia when Stalin was five years old. For the rest of Stalin's childhood, Joseph and Yekaterina lived in the home of a priest named Father Charkviani where the hard-working ... grow shorter than his right. He was one of the smallest kids in his school when he was growing up and grew to be just five feet four inches. For the rest of his life his shortness plagued him, causing him to resort to platform shoes and other devices in an ... but did not limit its instruct...

• Word Count: 2506
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: High School

... Stalin ruling of Russia. All these resulted in an overall change in how Russia was ruled from autocracy to communism. In 1900 four out of five citizens of Russia were peasants, who could only make a living in farming. This way of life would become a long term cause for the ... and poor decisions was an underlying cause of his abdication. Nicholas was unprepared to rule Russia, a country of immense population of one hundred and twenty five million. This was because Nicholas predecessor and father, Alexander III, died earlier than expected, this meant he was not trained to become the Tsar...

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... power. The major changes that Stalin implemented to bring Russia to industrial power involved firstly the adaptation of rural agriculture to industrial growth involving collectivisation and secondly a series of "five year plans" which set the ambitious goals for Russia's rapid industrial advancement. This essay will discuss these ways in which Stalin sought to increase Russian economic advance initially by ... were implemented and how they worked and then ultimately how successful they were in contributing to Russia's advance. The New Economic Policy had created a spread of privately own...

• Word Count: 1086
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... equal has not been, and cannot ever be achieved. Orwell is successful in establishing that any totalitarian system of government is equally as bad as another. He gets this theme across by tone, style, characterization, imagery, a fast paced plot, as well as his unique sense of humor. In order to analyze the progression and development of this theme it is essential ... treated some animals in my life, for example squishing insects and running away from cats. Orwell uses just the right amount of exaggeration when it comes to getting his point across, so that readers believe him when he do...

• Word Count: 1710
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... (Keegan). The lack of success on the part of the Polish resistance forces is a direct result of the myriad of problems with their allied supporters. On 26 September 1939, twenty five days after the Germans invaded the Polish border, a Romanian plane hijacked by Polish forces landed near Warsaw carrying  an emissary of the Polish commander-in-chief. His two orders for ... first to France and then in 1940 to the United Kingdom in order to continue operations in exile (PP). As the newly relocated government were organizing and stabilizing, they determined five essential tasks to be comple...

• Word Count: 1728
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... . Finally, on June 26, 1945, the U.S., Britain, China, France, and the Soviet Union signed the United Nations charter. Forty-six other nations from every region of the world joined these five central powers in signing, and together they became the founding members of the United Nations. Today, the U.N. is an all-inclusive body. All but four of the world's nations belong ... prove to be vital in the future, as they have been in the past. For many people, the U.N. is simply a large building in New York City. However, it branches all across the world. It is a rather interesting organization...

• Word Count: 5612
• Approx Pages: 22
• Grade Level: High School

... mistrust within the party, many of whom thought Trotsky would split the party as a result of his extreme views and eventually become a dictator, due to his views of Communism spreading across the world through Permanent Revolution. Trotsky was a key figure during the November Revolution and Civil War, as his formation of the Red army resulted in the success of the Bolshevik ... country to a modern, powerful industrialized nation, catching up with the West in 10 years, otherwise, he was aware the Revolution would be lost. It was important for Stalin to organize a five-year plan, as his w...

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... Kolyma said, " The death rate in all camps was high a zek stood very little change of coming out alive at the end of his sentence if it was longer than five years." Dmitry Likhachev a survivor of the purges said, "many had diarrhea with blood." This shows the extent of horror, which occurred during the purges. Robert Conquest wrote, "Stalin's war had ... among all the Bolshevik leaders. He understood best how to seize and to keep power." Dmitry Likhachev is still in dread today due to his horrific experiences. Dmitry was sentenced a five year sentence for making fun of some speeches abo...

• Word Count: 1274
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• Grade Level: High School

... severely reduced and the U.S.S.R had to rely almost entirely on its own resources to industrialise. It was generally perceived that only absolute state control such as that proposed by Stalin's five year plans would manage these resources well enough to achieve the industrialisation wanted by many communists. However, the economic reasons were secondary to the political needs of the communism. The ... able to change the communist party to his advantage, removing Trotsky and the leftists from history whilst glorifying himself as the saviour of the Soviet Union. Before and throughout the f...

• Word Count: 5589
• Approx Pages: 22
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... support the Bolshevik seizure of power. Once Lenin had seized power, a new threat loomed, consolidating his newly gained power. Just after the revolution Lenin immediately began organising similar take-overs across Russia, by the end of October only a handful of regions remained loyal to the provisional government. The main threat to Lenin's new empire came in the form of the white ... caused some 5 million deaths. The GOELRO plan was the solution to Russia's economic state, a first of its kind, introduced to move the economy into the modern era. A precursor to Stalin's five year plans,...

• Word Count: 1841
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... districts - the fortress, the Northern and the Southern military quarters in the town... In the first period of shelling the bridges were destroyed, cutting the way out of the fortress (across a branch of the Mukhavets River). Buildings and warehouses within the fortress, the military quarters and the area around the ​​Brest railway station caught fire quite soon. The continuing intensive bombardment ... the date of the museum opening the funds were established where all the finds and also the exhibits were passed from leading museums of Moscow and Leningrad. Within the next five y...

• Word Count: 9116
• Approx Pages: 36
• Grade Level: High School

... aggravated with this and turned to the Soviet Union for aid. Before any of this happened, the United States placed several medium-range nuclear missiles in Turkey. The missiles were across the Black Sea from the Soviet Union and were in sight to Khrushchev. President Kennedy was told not to place them in Turkey, but did it anyway. In July of ... had a difficult time keeping track of the missiles because they were camouflaged. The next day, pilots flew over Cuba and took pictures of two missile sights. The U-2 planes found twenty-five Soviet ships and six submarines headed for Cuba. Khru...

• Word Count: 1024
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• Grade Level: High School

... dagger CIA director, he had a passion for the covert operations and shared as little information as possible, during his "reign" the CIA regained its all-powerful image, and received a twenty-five percent budget raise ( ). Also the CIA bought its new home, a one hundred and forty acre plot in Langley Virginia, where over twenty thousand of the CIA's employees work. Casey also ... , the Lockheed Corp., hired the Ivy League bagmen, Manchurian spies, and even Japanese assassins to help sell more planes ( ). What has happened is that private CIA's-for-hire have metastasized across the landsc...

• Word Count: 2487
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Soviets would back down rather then fight. Keenan's plans to control the Soviet Union became known as "Containment" and would be the backbone of U.S. foreign policy for the next forty-five years. Keenan claimed that if the spread of Communism was contained it would do one of two things; self-destruct or it would become a non-threat. The idea of "Containment ... the "Domino Theory" and the idea of "Containment" that lead to the Truman Doctrine. The Truman Doctrine said that the United States should aid all free people fighting against Communism across the globe. In turn the Truman Doctri...

• Word Count: 870
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• Grade Level: High School

... aggressions. The western view of the time saw Stalin as doing one of two things: either continuing the expansionist policies of the tsars that preceded him, or worse, spreading communism across the world now that his "one-state" notion had been fulfilled. It also must be mentioned that Stalin is seen as wanting "unchalleged personal power and a rebuilt Russia strong enough ... were annoyed because Germany east of the Rivers Oder and Neisse were being occupied by Russian troops and were being run by the pro-communist Polish government, who expelled over five million Germans. This went di...

• Word Count: 1438
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: High School

... was only the first of his stirring wartime speeches, which knit the country together and inspired people around the world. A War Leader The story of Churchill's life for the next five years is an integral part of the history of World War II. He was national commander in chief, with direct control over the formulation of policy and the conduct of ... its climax, he led his country in its "finest hour." British memorials to Churchill include the establishment of Churchill College at Cambridge University, which houses Churchill's papers, and a prominent statue across from the Houses of Par...

• Word Count: 1600
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: High School

... their hair shaved off and arms branded, they lost all their individuality. The prisoners lived in barracks. The barracks had thirty-six bunk beds, 5 or 6 slept across on a plank. Sometimes there were up to five hundred living in one barrack. While in camps, some of the sickly or weak that were going to be sent to gassing chambers were instead medically experimented ... ...

• Word Count: 662
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: High School

... these notions, and had their own ideas for the progress of Russia. This was based on the idea that Russia was unique in that the peasants, who made up ninety-five per cent of the population, had lived in a communal atmosphere for many centuries. In these communes, they were allotted land based upon their needs, and would not use more land ... factions: the Bolsheviks, headed by Lenin, and the Mensheviks, a group of orthodox Marxists who believed capitalism and social democracy must develop on their own. As World War I picks up steam across the European continent, Tsar Nicholas II takes ...

• Word Count: 1522
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... business and allocated financial and other resources. Stalin decides to produce heavy metal to make an industrial growth, and wanted the increasing farm output. He make this planed called the Five Year Plan. Under the communism economic system he wanted all workers and managers to meet these goals by giving bonuses to those who succeeded and punish those who don't. Between ... the years of 1928 and 1939 large factories, hydroelectric power stations, and huge industrial rose all across of Soviet Union. And oil, coal, and steel production grew more. He makes the increasing farm output thr...

• Word Count: 837
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• Grade Level: High School

... started, 6am hot tea, toilet, breakfast, morning interrogation, lunch, roof top for 15 minutes of exercise, afternoon interrogation, supper, toilet, evening interrogation, toilet, return to cell for the night . Every five days Powers was allowed to bath and given clean underwear and socks. Interrogations soon included American newspapers and press releases; this is how Powers found out that his 27th mission ... wife and parents present. On August 19th Francis Gary Powers was convicted in a Russian court and sentenced to serve ten years in prison. Eighteen months later Powers found himse...

• Word Count: 1430
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• Grade Level: High School

... ground and quickly concluded his need for reinforcements. Before August 1939 he had acquired 550 front line aircraft, 500 state-of-the-art T34 tanks, twenty cavalry squadrons and thirty-five infantry battalions. He outnumbered the Kwantung Army three to two in infantry, by three squadrons in cavalry, and possessed a qualitative edge in armor. But above all, his army was to ... their units at the time of the attack. A German style communications network assured tight control throughout the battle. The Red Army's surprise assault began on 20 August 1939, with a thrust across the border in...

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... victims, hundreds of thousands of Roma (Gypsies) and at least two hundred fifty thousand mentally of physically disabled persons were also victims of the Nazi genocide. As Nazi cruelty spread across Europe from 1933 to 1945, millions of other innocent people were persecuted and murdered. More than three million Soviet prisoners of war were killed because of their nationality. Slaves were ... into a concentration area. These Jews would be brought from every country; then put under German rule: all one hundred eighty thousand Jews who were still living in Germany, all sixty five thousand ...

• Word Count: 1707
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• Grade Level: High School

... of freedom, something I will draw back to the constitution and explain the relevance of in this essay. When developing my research I came across this cartoon from the New York Times in 1949.8 The message is clearly that coming from an American point of view it has to ... the face of a determined threat."35 The presence of overseas troops and American citizens gave unique opportunities to broadcast American ideas and values across the geographical boundary. This is something the Soviet's lacked. Whilst they physically imposed themselves on their satellite states, they couldn't replicate t...

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... and the final component involved the collectivisation of all the agricultural land under state control. In order to promote this plan Stalin set about implementing a series of five year plans. In 1928 Lenin's New Economic Policy was replaced by the first five year plan which sought to ensure that the Soviet Union gained self-sufficiency in agriculture through collectivisation. The second ... into agriculture increased massively, productivity did not match what was planned and agricultural output actually declined. The state barely coped with the formidable organisational problems within a...

• Word Count: 2410
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: Undergraduate