... , which dissolve in the rainwater to form various acids. Major contributing gases for acid rain are sulfur dioxide (SO2), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), carbon dioxide (CO2) and chlorine (CI2). The following reactions show the acid formation due to these gases (Cherrington, Brett; 1996): Sulfur dioxide reacts with water to form sulfuric acid (SO42-). Oxides of nitrogen react with water to form nitric ... to form Hydrochloric acid (CI-). Some other gases that are being released in the air are carbon dioxide, carbon monoxides, chlorofluorocarbons, hazardous air pollutants, lead, nitrogen oxides...

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... of environmentally significant trace gases are changing because of both natural and human factors. Examples of man-made gases are the chlorofluorocarbons CFC-11 and CFC-12 and halons. Carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane (CH4) are produced by the burning of fossil fuels, expelled from living and dead biomass, and released by the metabolic processes of microorganisms ... gases that were expelled during degassing of the planet's interior. These gases may have consisted of hydrogen (H2), water vapor, methane (CH4) , and carbon oxides. Prior to 3.5 billion years ago the atmosphere pro...

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... the future, the government will have to implement some changes in the way our energy and resources are being consumed. We must improve on our energy efficiency to lessen the carbon dioxide produced into the air. Renewable energies such as solar, wind and hydropower will need to be used more because these can provide the same amount of energy as fossil fuels ... and buses. The least efficient and most polluting automobile is ironically the most popular. The Sports Utility Vehicle (SUV) consumes more gas and emits carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Electric and fuel-cell automobiles can re...

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... the over spray of paint spray application and the accompanying from automotive industry cause air pollution along with carbon dioxide and carbon mono-oxide produced by motor vehicles every day. Cement industry Gives out fire particles of dust, calcium phosphate, titanium dioxide, and silicon etc from Styrofoam manufacturing and oxidation/reduction process to name few. Fertilizer production Ammoniated compound ... up the rate of air pollution from this source. Metals industry This industry involves lots of burning of fuel to melt metals, which causes huge amount of carbon dioxide released...

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... acidic. Pure rain has a pH level of 7, which is exactly neutral. The acidity of rain is determined by the pH of pure water in reaction with atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, resulting in carbonic acid. These particles partly dissociate to produce hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions. A bicarbonate atom is an ion formed by one hydrogen atom, one ... acidity of pure rain, which is moderately acidic at a pH of 5.7. Rain less than 5.7 is considered 'acid rain', meaning it has reacted with acidic atmospheric gases other than carbon dioxide, such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxid...

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... acidic. Pure rain has a pH level of 7, which is exactly neutral. The acidity of rain is determined by the pH of pure water in reaction with atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, resulting in carbonic acid. These particles partly dissociate to produce hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions. A bicarbonate atom is an ion formed by one hydrogen atom, one ... acidity of pure rain, which is moderately acidic at a pH of 5.7. Rain less than 5.7 is considered 'acid rain', meaning it has reacted with acidic atmospheric gases other than carbon dioxide, such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxid...

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... come in two forms, wet and dry. Wet may be in a state of fog, snow, or rain. Dry refers to acidic gases and particles. The EPA has confirmed that sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen are the major causes of these hazardous depositions. All of these chemicals come from factories, cars and electricity. The very root of the process begins at factories that ... rain also depends on the over-usage of everyday human needs such as transportation and electric appliances. When these fuels are released into the air they are transformed into sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen. On...

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... pollute, but use them in control so that their side effects do not outweigh their advantages. Consequences of Pollutants Carbon dioxide may reach a capacity in the atmosphere that it may exceed the capacity of the plant life to remove it. In the atmosphere, an excess ... of carbon dioxide creates a greenhouse effect. An increase in carbon dioxide causes an increase in the temperature all over the world. If this continues, it could melt the polar ice caps, raise the ... sea level, and flood the coastal areas of the world. The opposite of the carbon dioxide effect is the effect of smoke,...

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... the polar ice caps and a major rise in sea level. But despite the harmful consequences, people continue to pollute the Earth's air. It has been measured that the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is increasing at a rate of 0.2% every year. Many pollutants such as nitrogen oxide decrease the concentration of ozone in the Ozone Layer. This in turn increases the ... over the last century suggest that the average land surface temperature has risen 0.45-0.6°C (0.8-1.0F) in the last century. Since 1979, scientists have generally agreed that a doubling of atmospheric carbon di...

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... forests in areas with sensitive soils. as may also experience damage from acid fog that often forms at higher elevations. Where do sulphur dioxide emissions come from? Sulphur dioxide (SO2) is generally a byproduct of industrial processes and burning of fossil fuels. Ore smelting, coal-fired power generators, and natural ... acid rain, although there has been much debate over the acceptance of this value. Interestingly enough, a pH of 5.6 is the pH value of carbon dioxide in equilibrium with distilled water. Hence, acid ran is defined as any rainfall that has an acidity level beyond what ...

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... forests in areas with sensitive soils. as may also experience damage from acid fog that often forms at higher elevations. Where do sulphur dioxide emissions come from? Sulphur dioxide (SO2) is generally a byproduct of industrial processes and burning of fossil fuels. Ore smelting, coal-fired power generators, and natural ... acid rain, although there has been much debate over the acceptance of this value. Interestingly enough, a pH of 5.6 is the pH value of carbon dioxide in equilibrium with distilled water. Hence, acid ran is defined as any rainfall that has an acidity level beyond what ...

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... taken into consideration. The chemical reaction of changing sulfur and other substances to sulfuric acid results in the formation of other substances like sulfur dioxide. This causes acid rain. Therefore, there is a big problem about sulfuric plants causing damage to our environment, as the plant is ... can either be diluted to lower concentrations or made stronger with sulfur trioxide to yield oleums. For the process, the sources of sulfur dioxide may be produced from pure sulfur, from pyrite, recovered from smelter operations or by oxidation of hydrogen sulfide recovered from the purifi...

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... of the Earth would be -19°C, about 33°C colder than it is now. The atmospheric gases that produce the greenhouse effect include the naturally occurring substances water vapor, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3), as well as artificially produced chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). The indication is that because of human activity, such as the burning of fossil ... fuels, levels of greenhouse gases are now increasing, especially carbon dioxide levels. Research indicates that carbon dioxide levels in the pre-industrial era were 280 parts per million; today th...

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... curved tails. Affected fish are also in danger of becoming sterile, which would put the species at risk of becoming extinct. As with sulphur dioxide in rain, mercury is also discharged into the water. There is a direct connection between the mercury rich lakes as there is with those ... to disintegrate. An inordinate amount of sulphur dioxide is let into the air, more than can be neutralized by natural nutrients. The ecosystem is slowly eroding due to the increased amounts of acid in the soil. Acidic soil causes the carbon dioxide respiration process to decelerate. In order for ... pla...

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... can we do about it? Carbon monoxide is the result of incomplete combustion of carbon containing materials, found in motor vehicles. It has the ability to react with other naturally occurring gasses in the atmosphere to form the most commonly known greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. The greenhouse effect is the ... term referring to the suns heat being trapped within our atmosphere by being absorbed by greenhouse gasses just like carbon dioxide. Although it is a naturally occurring gas, human activities are increasing its concentration thereby accelerating the rate of climate change ... in s...

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... for earth preservation is the concept of global warming. Despite mounting evidence that supports the increase in global temperature, there are also equal amounts of evidence that suggests the opposite. Carbon dioxide, which is emitted largely by combustion of fossil fuels, is the most influential human-made greenhouse gas. As the atmosphere becomes richer in these gases, it becomes a better insulator, retaining ... more of the heat provided to the planet by the Sun. If emissions of carbon dioxide were halted today, it would take more than a century for the atmospheric level of carbon di...

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... , New Hampshire, Connecticut, and New Jersey combined. With population growth, another thing grows and that's pollution. The more people there are then the more use of cars and the more carbon dioxide there is being exhaled into the air and the more factories there are being built to give all these people jobs and well, you get the point. Our little planet ... America, cars release most of the gasses that are responsible for trapping heat in our atmosphere and creating the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect occurs when certain air pollutants (like carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, me...

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... it plays in global warming and it=s subsequent effects on climate. The decay and burning of wood release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The only way to moderate and reduce carbon dioxide levels is through trees and plants. Reduction of trees due to deforestation increases the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere leading to warmer climates and changes in weather patterns through out the world. Deforestation is ... ...

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... percent of BOD5 and 40 to 60 percent of suspended solids Digester: This is a complicated step. The object of it is to make the chemically complex organic sludge to methane, carbon dioxide, and an inoffensive humus type material. First the matter is made soluble by enzymes, then the substance is fermented by a group of acid-producing bacteria, reducing it to simple organic ... acids such as acetic acid. The organic acids are than converted to methane and carbon dioxide by bacteria. Thickened sludge is heated and added as continuously as possible to the digester, where it remains for 10 t...

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... reasons for the disappearance of these animals as pH falls? Humans produce about 160% of the natural emissions of sulphur. This is compared with about 5-10% in the case of carbon dioxide and nitrogen (Krebs, 2001). Combustion of fossil fuels, according to Krebs (2001) has altered the sulphur cycle more than any of the other nutrient cycles'. Sulphur is quickly oxidised in ... problem of acid rain (Krebs, 2001). In areas uncontaminated by either industrial emissions or calcareous dust, precipitation usually has a pH value close to 5.0 (Schindler, 1998). Distilled water, which contains no...

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... and much more. Acid rain is a widespread term used to describe all forms of acid precipitation rain, snow, hail, fog, etc. Precipitation is naturally acidic because of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Acid rain begins with the production of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides from the burning of fossil fuels, such as coal, natural gas, oil, and from certain kinds of manufacturing. Sulfur ... dioxide and nitrogen oxides react with water and other chemicals in the air to from sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and other pollutants . What was once a local problem for towns and cities ... ...

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... vehicle are shown in the table below. Element Outline Nitrogen Gas (N2) Air that passes through engine consists of 78 % N2. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Created by a bond between Carbon and Oxygen during combustion. Water vapor (H2O) Hydrogen and Oxygen bond during combustion. Carbon Monoxide (CO) Poisonous and colourless gas. Hydrocarbons (VOCs) Fuel that is not fully combusted is evaporated, creating VOCs. Nitrogen oxides (NO ... ...

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... and lead piping, damages such man-made things as automobiles, reduces soil fertility and can cause toxic metals to leach into underground drinking water sources. Rain is naturally acidic because carbon dioxide, found normally in the earth's atmosphere, reacts with water to form carbonic acid. While "pure" rain's acidity is pH 5.6-5.7, actual pH readings vary from place to place depending upon the ... pH 6. Similarly, pH 9 is 1O times more basic than pH 8 and 100 times more basic than pH 7. The acid in acid rain comes from two kinds of air pollutants-- sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen ...

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... ranging from 1 to 14, with 1 being the most acidic, 14 being the most caustic, and 7 being neutral. Pure water has a pH of 7. Normal rain is slightly acidic because of the carbon dioxide that naturally dissolves into it, so it has a pH of about 5.5. As of the year 2000, the most acidic rain falling in the US has a pH of about 4.3. (1) Almost all ... sulfur is found as an impurity in coal (1). NOx is released when any fossil fuel is burned, but automotive emissions are the largest source of the over-abundance of nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere. The ecological effects of acid rain are ...

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... pollution combine with atmospheric moisture to produce highly acidic precipitation. Unpolluted rainfall is slightly acidic, with a natural pH of about 5, due to naturally occurring constituents of the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide, but acid rain has a pH of about 4. Acid precipitation includes rain, snow, hail, and fog. The term acid deposition refers to both acid precipitation and tiny dust particles formed from ... recent years, rainfall acidity in both North America and western Europe has declined in response to pollution control legislation. Since passage (1970) of the Clean Ai...

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