... role in. Interventions that have focused on the enhancement of self-efficacy levels rather than typical strategies in reducing alcohol consumption rates have proven to be more effective (Holloway et al., 2006) suggesting psychological theories should be used within the development of an intervention aimed at university full time undergraduates. Young and Oei (1996) produced the Drinking Refusal ... Self-Efficacy Questionnaire- Revised (DRSEQ-R) and after confirmatory analysis, found it offers a stable factor structure and consistent validity (Oei et al., 2004). The success of the questio...

• Word Count: 1966
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the level of effort they expend, their perseverance when faced with difficulties, and the thought patterns and emotional reactions they experience (Bandura, 1981, 1986, 1988, cited in Seeman et al. 1999). Specifically, individuals with weaker self-efficacy beliefs tend to curtail their range of activities and put forth less effort, with less perseverance, in those they undertake (Bandura, ... with successful performance of such behaviour, possible contributing to greater likelihood of perceiving oneself as being unable to perform such behaviours and to self-report functional disability ...

• Word Count: 1004
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... that the cognitive interview correspond with the same idea that the cognitive interview increases the efficiency of eyewitness memory retrieval during investigative interviews without any unconstructive consequences (Geiselman, et al., 1985). A study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of cognitive interviews, which draw out useful and precise information from eyewitnesses; it becomes apparent and effective. ... by one of the detectives. The results in this study determine that the cognitive interview in a more ecologically valid setting than that employed by (Geiselman et al., 1...

• Word Count: 929
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... . Self reports and informant reports were used incorporating the "best known contemporary trait models of personality, the Telleger and the Five Factor models of personality structure- (Amell et. al. 2003: 504). They endured an all day long health assessment "physical examination, personality assessment and dental examination. Upon completion of a multi-dimensional personality questionnaire, ... a questionnaire asking them to rate the individual using a brief version of the Big Five Inventory': extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experien...

• Word Count: 624
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... into content, process, and reinforcement theories. The content theories of work motivation assume that factors exist within the individual that energize, direct, and sustain behaviour (Steers, et al., 1996: 9). These approaches to motivation are concerned with identifying important internal elements and the explanation of how these elements may be prioritized within the individual. On the ... several hundred accountants and engineers), Herzberg reported that employees tended to describe satisfying experiences in terms of factors that were intrinsic to the content of the job itself (Stee...

• Word Count: 2997
• Approx Pages: 12

... evidentiary requirements that risk factors must meet. An awareness of these criteria is absent from Joiner's discussion. In our own work, we have found the framework suggested by Kraemer et al. (1997) to be a valuable template for just this type of task. Kraemer and colleagues offer four scientific criteria that must be met in order for any proposed ... can be reaccessed given the proper context. Moreover, cognitive reactivity has, in recent years, garnered empirical support as a possible causal risk factor according to precisely those criteria outlined by Kraemer et al. (1997). First, ...

• Word Count: 1195
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... excess of those resources should be linked to mind wandering more often. The researchers conclude that these two hypotheses are related but focus on two different questions (Marcusson-Clavertz et al., 2016). Furthermore, in the article, Marcusson-Clavertz, Cardena and Terhune describe how the content of daydreams are relative to these hypotheses because they expected individuals who thought ... whether "daydreaming style moderates the relation between executive control capacities and mind wandering in daily life and to investigate the ecological validity of mind wandering laboratory tas...

• Word Count: 998
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... affects the child for the moment but also for a larger part of the child's life. Little work has been conducted that examines the effects of positive parenting. Beckwith et al(1992), Eshel et al(2006) and Landry et al (2008) are some people who have previously worked on a similar problem presented in this paper(Child Development pg.1198-1208). They concluded that, specifically, supportive parenting early ... in life has been shown to have positive effects on cognitive, behavioral, and psychological development throughout the life span (The Context and Experience of New Mothers pg.98). S...

• Word Count: 1069
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... 1960's. Well accepted existing theories provided by sociobiologists on sexuality, are now being criticised by sociological theorists who argue such "biologically based theories are flawed with essentialism"(Abercrombie et al. 2000: 122). A marked debate has arisen over the past fifty years over which factors should be considered responsible as influences determining ones sexuality. With the sociological angle ... as being flawed by essentialism. This term, essentialism, refers to the way theorists, such as sociobiologists have reduced the complexity of sexuality right down to a single ess...

• Word Count: 3037
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... research on hemispheric asymmetry was however focused on the visual system, although the principles governing the workings of the hemispheres should be supra-modal. In 1984 the group of Hugdahl et al, (Hugdahl 2012) began research on auditory laterality, using a variation of the dichotic listening technique. In particular, simple speech sounds consisting of pairs of consonant-vowel (CV) ... has been used in assessing lateralized speech. In particular, neuropsychologists have used this test to explore the role of singular neuroanatomical structures in speech perception and language asymme...

• Word Count: 1996
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... (2000) supports Sulloway's findings. Achievement is not only desired by first-borns more than the other birth positions, but the first-borns also take more responsibility for good performance (Phillips et al, 2000). First-borns strive for perfection and accuracy. As the number of siblings in a family increases, academic development of the younger siblings decreases (Parcel & Menaghan cited in Steelman, Powell, Werum ... this correlation is an effect of nurture instinct. The mother's instinct is to protect this last irreplaceable child. In terms of sociability, later-borns are more socia...

• Word Count: 480
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... toward children, poor parent-child communication, poor supervision, poor maintenance of the home, regular cigarette smoking in the presence of the child, and verbal abuse directed toward the child" (Johnson et al, 2001). The onset of homelessness can be a major contributing factor in maternal depression. Studies have shown a direct association between poor maternal mental health, particularly depression, and impaired parenting (Cowal, Shinn ... and responsive to their children's signals, more likely to resort to coercion or withdrawal to resolve conflicts with their children, and more h...

• Word Count: 1308
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... more often than not the twins will end up living similar lives (Glass, 1999). The most famous twin study is the 20 yearlong Minnesota study of Twins Reared Apart (Bouchard et al). This study was conducted on two identical twins reconnected after decades of separation. This study showed the shocking similarities between the 2 twins. Both twins drove the same type of Chevy ... mother was a slob. In this study both carried on their mother's lead either keeping their own home clean or leaving it in disarray (Glass, 1999). Another study conducted by (Goodwin et al, 1973) showed that adoptee'...

• Word Count: 727
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: High School

... not dissimilar to the approach adopted by Skinner, in that the behaviors, which occur as a result of such learning can either, be reinforcing or punishing. Modeling or observational learning, Bandura et al. (1961) argued, is a form of secondary learning, by which we observe and model our behavior on those around us. Bryan and Test (1967) also stated that behavior could be learned ... of society. It also forms an important basis for the social mechanisms involved in conformity and obedience to social norms. In a series of studies throughout the 1960's and 1970's, Bandura et al, illustrat...

• Word Count: 1591
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... no relationship to either. Studies proved that significant adults in children's lives have a profound affect on children's personal development. (Porlier et al., 1999). Therefore, teachers behavior in a classroom environment should be well thought out and structured. It was cited by Thorp et al. (1994) that approximately 15,000 hours of classroom time is provided to children during primary and secondary schooling. Which is a majority ... ...

• Word Count: 341
• Approx Pages: 1
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... -personal distance which is the distance which is kept between closed friends or in a party, c) the social-consultative distance which should be kept in business and general formal contacts.(Proshansky, M,H et al, pg.198)This cultural rules act as guideline for individual behaviour. Sometimes an individual may like or dislike someone depending on the distance he keeps between them. In each zone ... others. This is balanced, non-verbally in each social situation in which individual find him self, so that an acceptable level of intimacy is tried to be found. In Sommer et all study the wome...

• Word Count: 1605
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: High School

... status of our ongoing needs" (p.187) and the predominance of negative emotions (along with other emotions) are reflections of the waking concerns of the dreamers in everyday life (Cartwright et al, 2005). Cartwright (1991) studied the dreams of 23 women and 26 men undergoing divorce and related the dreams to depression and stress. She found that the group who scored higher ... ...

• Word Count: 1934
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... we have. As a manager, we may always be punctual for work and therefore be favorably disposed towards subordinates who are punctual but negatively disposed towards those who arrive late. (Tosi et al, 2000) Both projection and the halo effect are perceptual distortions that compromise the manager's ability to respond to individual differences in the work place. Managers and executives depend on information ... ...

• Word Count: 1363
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... component, .For example, recently scientists reported discovery of a gene linked to the trait of novelty seeking. About 40 percent of individual differences in personality traits are due to inheritance (Benjamin et al., 1996). Traits possess a high level of versatility. They can be viewed as highly specific factors, not much broader than a habit, or they can be clustered to form generalized dispositions or ... ...

• Word Count: 2440
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... contexts. If a child is feeling safe and in a secure environment, the child's goal may be to stay in the same room with the mother, but to play more independently. Ainsworth et al. (1969) described three principal patterns of attachment, which have been used to classify infants at one year of age. These styles of attachment are observed in the Strange Situation procedure ... ...

• Word Count: 973
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... in the presence of background music. However, the theory that extraverts" performance would increase when accompanied by music was not supported by the evidence. This corresponds with research by A. Furnham et al. (Furnham & Allass, 1999; Furnham & Strbac, 2002; Furnham & Stanley, 2003) stating that extravert performance is not hindered as much as an introvert's in the presence of music, yet it is not ... ...

• Word Count: 1849
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... and July in 1997. What was found that only a small percentage of commercials contained violence and a small number of commercials exhibited behavior or attitudes contrary to conventional moral standards. Maguire et al concluded that although advertisers sponsor programs that feature violence, they do not wish to associate violence with their products. Therefore, commercials have little to effect on the increasing aggressive tendencies ... ...

• Word Count: 2027
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... briefly covered. The Home Office issued guiding principles that suggest that police interviews should take place using free recall to general open-ended questions ending with more specific questions. Geisman et al. (1985) argued that some basic characteristics of human memory should be taken into account, which led them to come up with the cognitive interview, in hope that eyewitness testimony could ... ...

• Word Count: 1418
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... text from left to right and (not always but usually) top to bottom, by sitting on an adults lap and following a finger along the print or pointing to pictures" (Bruce et al 2000:163). "Children need to be given the chance to handle books, look at and read as many different types and style of books as possible so that they can ... ...

• Word Count: 263
• Approx Pages: 1
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... 's pronunciation. As explanation, "evidence shows that the particular motor skill of speech pronunciation is best developed at a younger age."(Steinberg: 208) Another possible reason is offered by Flege (Theo Bongaerts et al, 1997) that "one of the main cause of foreign accents is the increasing tendency of L2 learners, once they have established the phonetic categories for their L1, to perceive L2 ... ...

• Word Count: 1663
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate