... during the "Great Terror," making way for a rising generation that included such leaders as Nikita Khrushchev and Leonid Brezhnev. Fear instilled by a political secret police formed an essential part of the system called Stalinism. "The Great Terror", as Robert Conquest called this period, started with the assassination of Sergei ... Red Army. He wrote a script called "The Anti- Soviet Trotskyite Military Organization in the Red Army", and called upon Yezhov (the secret police head) to supply the evidence. In May 1937 political commissars were re-introduced to Red Army units for the fir...

• Word Count: 7028
• Approx Pages: 28
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... story of the wall ends. But it began in stealth and secrecy 40 years ago. In the early mornigh hours of August 13, 1961, the top secret top-secret operationwas carried out by the military and police, under the direction of the future head of the German Democratic Republic, Erich Honecker. It was made to stop theflight of GDR citizens, espically skilled workers ... yards wide, cleared of brush, dotted with mines, and covered by machine guns in subway stations along the border. The wall was thrown up with prussian efficency. Early Saturday evening police were summoned to their barracks wi...

• Word Count: 550
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: High School

... and Benedict Arnold achieved their fame as spies during the U.S. Civil War. In the United States the CIA or the Central Intelligence Agency is the main agency for gathering secret information and responsible for operations outside the United States. The FBI or Federal Bureau of Investigation has the primary responsibility for counterespionage activities within the United States. Counterespionage is ... organization recruited agents in three sources: First, is from the Universities, where students are recruited and are required and trained for intelligence careers. Second, are the armed s...

• Word Count: 1322
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... who had to put up with it through the false trials, pressure from managers and even being hijacked themselves, as well as having to pay bribes to their managers, the police and other administrators as the corruption in the Soviet Union grew. However, there were also eventually many benefits to the soviet people from industrialisation. In 1936, all food rationing was ... slave labour from these, but apart from the elimination of the Kulaks, this was a result of Stalin's paranoia and insecurity in power which resulted in him setting up secret police and even police for the secret police. ...

• Word Count: 5589
• Approx Pages: 22
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... .3 million. Livestock totals did not reach their pre-Five Year Plan levels again until the mid-1950's. Stalin was unhappy with this so he sent diplomats (few) or just sent secret police or army units to deal with resisting cities, towns, or villages. In 1928 only 1.7% of the peasants were on collective farms but after the army or ... secret police came and "persuaded" them the total went up, in March 1930 there were 58%. By the end of the 1930's there was a total of 99% of peasants working or in ... ...

• Word Count: 548
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: High School

... a constitution in 1936 which was proclaimed to emphasize civil rights but also to emphasize the obligations of citizens to their ruler. Anyone who disagreed with Stalin was taken by the secret police and put in jails or killed. This lead to the Great Purge. The "Great Purge" was a time where Stalin removed all people who challenged him as the absolute ruler and ... of people disappeared from the country at this time because they were threatened by their leader. Loyalty was expected not only from citizens but from the communist party and the secret police as well. Even innocent citizens ...

• Word Count: 911
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: High School

... that "neither the United States nor South Vietnam has moved against those enemy sanctuaries because we did not wish to violate the territory of a neutral nation."3 To keep these raids secret, the Pentagon sent false reports to a Senate committee, but Nixon said in 1973 that Prince Norodom Sihanouk, Cambodia's chief of state, agreed on the bombings. When South Vietnam invaded Laos ... words that began the Watergate scandal which ruined president Nixon. For four months, a ton of hidden microphones picked up Nixon's most private office conversations; the microphones were everywhere. Nixon ...

• Word Count: 1658
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: High School

... replacing Roosevelt as the representative from the United States. "Truman...had been kept in complete ignorance by Roosevelt about foreign policy,"3 which meant that Truman was not aware of the secret assurances of security Roosevelt had made to Stalin. His policy towards Soviet Russia, then, was much more severe than that of Roosevelt. He was quoted as saying "We must stand ... were expelled, with many being arrested or executed, and eventually, Stalin dissolved all non-communist political parties. Stalin began to implement a reign of terror using the Russian Army and his secret police...

• Word Count: 1438
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: High School

... of speech as the issues of mass arrests, the truth about the purges and the labor camps were not allow to be discussed in the media. Stalin had his own secret police to arrest people who disobey these rules. In school, Marxist and Leninist theories were explained in detail while the teaching was lacking of the study of social science. Also, school ... be afforded the high cost to send their children to school for high educations. The teaching of the history was omitted; maps were inaccurate. These were all considered as state secret. With the tactics coercion and force and the military,...

• Word Count: 2474
• Approx Pages: 10

... creates very difficult problems. What is required is a basic expansion of plans. He noted that time is working against us--although living conditions in Cuba are deteriorating, Castro is tightening police state controls within the area. He is also sending agents and arms into other countries of Latin America. When President John F. Kennedy was assassinated, he died knowing secrets that would ... show that in the months preceding Kennedy's death, White House emissaries engaged representatives of Cuban leader Fidel Castro, Kennedy's arch-enemy, in a series of quiet contacts and secret exc...

• Word Count: 994
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: High School

... heated protests, and then ending with the trial of Lieutenant William L. Calley. The Vietnam War has just been a complete nightmare. The United States tried to keep the My Lai massacre secret, but information leaked into the public's hands very quickly. In this confusing situation, people had several different views of what happened out in Vietnam, back in 1968. The plan to ... keep the incident secret had failed, with the help of a photographer named Ronald L. Haeberle, and a soldier named Thomas R. Partsch. Ronald L. Haeberle had taken pictures from Vietnam, revealing horrifying shots...

• Word Count: 1150
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: High School

... and improve his skin color, but for the rest of his political career (and life) his health was fragile. JFK and his family worked hard to keep his Addison's Disease a secret, aware that public knowledge of such a condition would probably torpedo his chances of political advancement. Reelected to a second term in the House in 1948, and then a third in 1950, JFK ... was also the mistress of a mob boss. But there were many others in addition, including those with whom JFK had countless brief, semi-anonymous flings. All of this was kept secret from the general public, of course, as was JFK'...

• Word Count: 8348
• Approx Pages: 33
• Grade Level: High School

... could not stop the spread of Communism. Not only did the USA fail to stop South Vietnam going Communist, but the heavy bombing of Vietnam's neighbors, Laos and Cambodia in secret CIA wars, actually helped the Communist forces in those countries to win support. By 1975 Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia had Communist governments (Westdad, Cuban and Vietnamese Challenges). The war sparked ... war to the U.S. Che became a symbol of revolution for students and protesters, guerrilla warfare was being used by previous non-violence groups, and protests and rallies set off a chain of police brutality a...

• Word Count: 2185
• Approx Pages: 9
• Grade Level: High School

... high. The ruling group had taken away it's need to depend on it's own population, which was very different than that during Stalin's rule. It reduced the powers of the secret police, and allowed for more agricultural productivity. Which in turn "allowed the Soviet population at large to enjoy many of the material benefits of industrial development... (because) the post-Stalin leadership ... ...

• Word Count: 1451
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: High School

... unelected President since Hayes, has let the cat out of the bag. Ashcroft, Cheney, and the like have big plans for America. Read George Orwell for details. A full-blown POLICE STATE, with secret military tribunals dispatching supposed "terrorists"--or their sympathizers, armed with powers of torture, unlimited rights to tap phones, email, and detain suspects without trial, national identity cards, etc., etc ... ...

• Word Count: 1772
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: High School

... farmers who worked there were able to return to their own farms and use them for them selves. In 1934 to 1939 during Stalin's "reign of terror" Joseph had his secret police send over 25 million people to the gulags and over 1 million executed and 7 million died in the gulags , these people were sent to the gulags and murdered because Stalin was ... ...

• Word Count: 1072
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... suspected of opposing Stalin's regime were killed or imprisoned. During this period, the practice of mass arrest, torture and imprisonment or execution without fair trial of anyone suspected by the secret police became commonplace. About one million people were shot during the periods of 1935-38, 1942 and 1945-1950, and millions of people were transported to Gulag labour camps. Several show ... ...

• Word Count: 1356
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... 's troops effectively controlled the Baltic States, Finland, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Albania and Romania. With Communist governments established throughout Eastern Europe, Stalin gradually tightened his control in each country. The secret police imprisoned anyone who opposed Communist rule, or might oppose it at a later date.. Churchill described the border between the Soviet-controlled countries and the West as an iron curtain. The ... ...

• Word Count: 1460
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: High School