... natural world, and has its top in the sky world. Shamans: Spirits may be encouraged to occupy the Shaman's body during public lodge ceremonies. Drum beating and chanting aid this process. The spirits are then asked to depart and perform the needed acts. Other times, Shamans enter into a trance ... companion to begin drumming. The drumming should be a strong, monotonous, unvarying, rapid beat. There should be no contrast in the intensity of the drum beats, or the intervals between them. A drumming tempo of about 205 to 220 beats per minute is usually effective for this kind of journey. ...

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... contrast to their predecessors among the mound builders, were apparently influenced strongly by Mexico, possibly as a result of trading or raiding expeditions along the Gulf coast. Not only do their mounds resemble Mexican types, but the very basis of their advanced way of life - intensive corn-beans-squash agriculture may well ... ways, but it was a vital element in the people's climb towards a higher level of existence. On the desert like coast of Peru rain hardly ever falls, and primitive farming like that of the Middle East was impossible. But in some parts of the Peruvian ... the ...

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... geologic history in the last 200 million years, each named for the dominant continental arc in that period: 1. The Omineca Episode (180-115 million years) 2. The Coast Range Episode (115-57 million years) 3. The Challis Episode (57-37 million years) 4. The Cascade Episode (37 million years to the present). During the Omineca Episode ... welded to the continent, and adjacent to where the island used to appear, a group of volcanoes rose out of the ocean. The Coast Range Episode is when another chain of volcanic islands collided with the continent and molded into it. Both during the Omineca...

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... awhile, but then decided to enlist in the Royal navy as an able seaman aboard the sixty-gun ship Eagle and was sent to the North American coast. In 1768, James Cook was selected to lead an expedition to observe the transit of Venus, and to explore new lands in the Pacific Ocean, ... his first voyage. On that voyage he observed the transit and mapped New Zealand, discovered it's southern island and mapped eastern coast of Australia. He later decided to lead a second voyage to confirm existence of a southern continent. On that voyage he discovered New Hebrides and New Caledonia. He ... aw...

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... to Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Walter Raleigh to colonize America. The first English establishment became known as Jamestown, which was in modern-day Virginia. Other areas along the eastern coast as far north as New World ended up being settled by traders as well as other interested in taking benefit of the natural resources that existed in America. The first ... Mexican gold and silver. Spurred by desires of great wealth, Francis I, sent Giovanni da Verrazano to discover a northwest passage through the North America to India in 1524. Verrazano found the coast of South Carolina and nav...

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... nature. In the best case, it delivers a rather ambiguous message about the value of technological progress. In 1849, the finding of gold in California initiated a huge rush toward the West Coast and made California the main destination for new immigrants, a huge westward progress, which would bring opulence and prosperity for some, ruin and fatality for the others. National leaders like Ada ... Withney started to support the idea of the construction of a transcontinental railroad that would be able to transport Californian resources to the East Coast quickly, and which would "deliver- p...

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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... discover North America or that he was the first to take advantage of this discovery. The truth is that Vikings reached and even settled lands in the northeastern coast (or islands off the coast) of North America. Leif Ericson discovered what was likely to be Baffin Land, Labrador, Newfoundland, and possibly New England. The Viking exploration is looked over or minimized as ... out any information on other groups that may have preceded Columbus and his discovery. The Afro-Phoenicians were overlooked but claim that their expedition launched from Morocco reached the Atlantic coast of Mexic...

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The first colonies in North America were along the eastern coast. Settlers from Spain, France, Sweden, Holland, and England claimed land beginning in the 17th century. The struggle for control of this land would continue for more than a hundred years. The ... company had come to stay. The Pilgrims followed, in 1620, and set up a colony at Plymouth, in what is now Massachusetts. Other English colonies sprang up all along the Atlantic coast, from Maine in the north to Georgia in the south. Swedish and Dutch colonies took shape in and around what is now New York. As more and more people arrived...

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... Treaty of Paris in 1763 was that New France came under British rule. The British government found out that they could not govern without the cooperation of the seigneurs. The coast of Canada is different, it has large bays, peninsulas, numerous coastal islands and it also has the Arctic Archipelago. On the East ... coast the largest islands are Cape Breton, Newfoundland, Anticosti and Prince Edward. On the West coast the largest islands are the Queen Charlotte Islands and the Vancouver Island. They are many smaller islands in the Hudson Bay. East Canada consists of ... ...

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... heroes and tribal totems, and ways of using art to record them. Most of the works in this section are wood and date from the 20th century. Tlingit people Northwest Coast, Canada, Queen Charlotte's Island Crest Hat, late 19th century Carved and painted cedar inlaid with abalone shell and metal 17 x 37.5 x 34 cm. 8672 Stanford Family Collections The indigenous peoples ... Ohlone and other tribes, and among the thousand Native American alumni and students of Stanford University. The Center's collections focus upon North America, especially California, the Southwest, and the Northwest Coast...

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... families at Powwows. No other event captures the Native American spirit like the powwow or "wacipi." (pronounced WA CHEE PEE) Dancers in colorful dress move gracefully around the ring, a steady drum beat directing their movements. Tradition is passed from one generation to the next. Today's powwows often feature competitions in categories such as traditional, fancy, grass, shawl, and jingle-dress dancing ... ...

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... , including toothpaste and ice cream. Kelp also serves as a buffer by absorbing energy from waves before the waves hit the shoreline, protecting many of the sandy beaches along the California coast. Another important marine plant is phytoplankton. These are tiny plants that serve as food for many of the ocean creatures from the smallest of fish to large whales. The ocean ... Baja California and the Gulf of California. It is in these waters where mating and calving take place. From the Bering Sea, the whales travel down the North American Pacific coast during the months of November throug...

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... called Hispania. Believing that he had found the outskirts of the Orient he returned to Spain. --He made two more voyages back to Hispania but never did he see the coast of the South or North American continent. The discovery of the Americas was left to Amerigo Vespucci, who led a Portuguese expedition up the South American ... coast. --It was a latinization of his first name that was used to label the new continent "America." The Biological Revolution The expeditions made contact with Indians which inhabited these lands and ... ...

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... that occurred in the climate as well as with the evolution of animal life. The tribes of North America can be divided into nine distinct regions: the Arctic, Subarctic, Northwest Coast, California, Great Basin, Southwest, Plains and Prairies, Northeast and Southeast. Although these nine distinct cultures shared certain cultural factors they all had distinct features that set them apart from each ... that occurred in the climate as well as with the evolution of animal life. The tribes of North America can be divided into nine distinct regions: the Arctic, Subarctic, Northwest Coast, Cali...

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... the last ice age, but no fossil evidence has been found to support that. Others suggest that curly coated horses were imported while the Russians occupied parts of the West Coast of North America. Another theory is that a man by the name of Tom Dixon imported curly horses from northern India to Nevada around 1880. Although this theory cannot be fully ... and is easy to train. They are hardy and able to survive extreme winter conditions. The Chincoteague and Assateague Ponies inhabit the 37-mile, barrier island of Assateague off the coast of Maryland and Virginia. Both herds are essentia...

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What has been known as The Age of Exploration, was first started by the Portuguese. They began a huge race to build a commercial empire by exploring the coast of West Africa. They established trade in that of gold and slaves. Other trade items encouraged the exploration of more places. In the North Atlantic, an enormous trade in fish ... plantations, and in 1655 they conquered the Spanish colony of Jamaica, the first English colony to be taken by force. The English then Established a string of colonies along the eastern coast of North America. French The French did not make efforts to coloni...

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... sequence of deposition of the geologic record. The Appalachian Mountains replaced the downward thrust of the earth's crust, while the eastern part of the Appalachian Mountains was deposited along the coast or into the Atlantic Ocean. The Mesozoic tectonic activity included many subduction zones. Pangaea later began to split into two super continents and North Africa began to rift apart. By ... of the Cenozoic attained substantially its present form. The only areas subjected to inundation by shallow marine waters were the Atlantic and Gulf coasts and a small area on the Pacific coast. Mo...

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The California sea lion is a type of seal that lives in cool waters off the rocky coast of western North America. This marine mammal makes a roaring noise, barks, and honks. Sea lions are marine mammals that have long torpedo shaped bodies covered in short coarse hair. They ... added adaptation of being able to turn forward so that they can be used to aid movement on land. The Californian Sea Lion has a range from the North American Pacific coast: South of Vancouver down to Baja California and the Galapagos Islands. They live on Islands, but they also live on isolated stretches of rocky bea...

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... them to break into the enclosure movement because everything grew perfectly. Most just ignored the new world, and went on with their lives. Giovanni da Verrazano sailed up the Atlantic Coast for France in 1524 looking for a passage to China. Although unsuccessful he established a small trade economy with the Native Americans along the ... coast. "So many voyages and discoveries without result, and attended with so much hardship and expense, have caused us French in late years to attempt a permanent settlement in those lands which ... ...

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... of the passage to Asia. However, the company was entirely too ill-equipped to achieve any of these goals and they had also miscalculated the reality of eastern North American coast. There were no precious metals to be found, the Native Americans did not bend to their will so easily as they had hoped, and the makeup of the company itself ... ...

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... to come from Norway. This established the Norsemen influence on Greenland economy. North America's discovery occured similar to Iceland's. An Icelander by the name of Bjarni Herjolfsson happened upon the coast of current day Canada while attempting to find Greenland. However, rather than exploring the area, he made his way back to Greenland. While there, Leif Eiriksson heard the story and ... ...

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... when I look into the little looking glass I ask, can this be me? (Schlissel, 83)." The saying "a woman's place is in the home" had taken on a new meaning while on the coast-bound journey. Women in the Jacksonian Era were tied to segregation from men in all aspects of life. While men were attending political meetings and earning wages, women were needed ... ...

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... all the cash in his wallet, and invented a new life for himself. Chris McCandless came from what most people would like to call a "well-to-do" family on the East Coast. The boy was probably no more than 19 years old, but was on his way to a life of his own by hitchhiking to Alaska into the wilderness. He graduated from ... ...

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... . Another part of the rave experience is the lighting and surroundings. In the summertime many parties are held outside in desolate, and sometimes quite beautiful surroundings. Out on the West Coast of B.C. , many of the parties during the summer are held up in the surrounding mountains of the lower mainland and around lakes. These serene settings all add to the utopian ... ...

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... were more available and more people read than ever before. Trade and Exploration: People started to wonder out to the known world with their ships. John Abot explored the northeast coast of North America, 1497. Vasco Da Gama explored the India and the cape of Good Hope, 1498. Balboa crosses Isthmus of Panama and sights the Pacific Ocean. Magellan leads a first ... ...

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