... same person. It involves transferring DNA from a person's cell to a genetically blank egg. Scientists would need two cells. One cell is a body cell from the individual the wish to clone. This cell contains the DNA that will make the clone. It is a somatic cell, which is a cell from an organ or tissue. The second cell is an unfertilized egg. The nucleus is removed from the egg so it no longer contains ... any genetic material or DNA. The somatic cell which has the genetic code is starved of nutrients. Because of this the cell enters a suspended state. While the somatic cell is in this sta...

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... are connected to a special fusion chamber that is placed on the stage of a microscope so that the technician can properly position the donor cell and enucleated egg. 8. The egg and the donor cell are placed in the fusion chamber between 2 electrodes. A low electrical current is passed across the positive and negative electrode. This electrical ... different times. The concept of cloning conceptually is very simple. What you really start out with is an [oasite], (an egg cell) and what you do is you suck out the chromosomes, the DNA that are responsible for the various traits that each of ...

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... , derived from another organism by an asexual reproductive process (Church of Scotland, 02). With other techniques scientists can isolate sections of DNA representing single genes, determine their nucleotide sequences, and reproduce them in the laboratory. This offers the possibility of creating entirely new genes ... Parkinson's or Rett Syndrome. * Here's how therapeutic cloning works: DNA is extracted from a sick person. The DNA is then inserted into an enucleated donor egg. The egg then divides like a typical fertilized egg and forms an embryo. Stem cells are removed from the embryo. ...

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... the actual hardware to run it. In the same way, we are missing the hardware needed to execute the DNA. This would normally be a female dinosaur that produces an egg with DNA in it. Unfortunately, not any chicken egg will do it. We need a dinosaur egg with the same species we are trying to duplicate, that my friend's is hard to do. Step five is ... for cloning fell that new cloning techniques have made what was once believed impossible now possible. These new technologies allow for the extraction and purification of minute amounts of fossilized DNA, which is then amplified, activated and...

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... same DNA. They are two complete different animals. For instance, if a sheep were to have identical twins, those two sheep would have the almost the same DNA. In some case the two twins have the same DNA. They are the clones of each other. A set of twins is created by the fertilized egg cell splitting ... into to completely separate cells. In the process of cloning, one cell is given the opportunity to become this twin cell. So, by ... doing this we are just creating the twin cell and letting ... are needed, such as if someone needs a new pancreas. The doctor, or scientist, could take a...

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... . As defined in the text, a somatic cell is "any cell in the body except a germ cell," and contains the same entire set of DNA. Dolly's story is revolutionary, in that, before her birth, it was deemed unfeasible to make a somatic cell differentiate as if it were a fertilized egg. Dolly, conversely, changed that notion. She was created by taking a somatic cell from the udder of a white-faced sheep ... and depleting it of all nutrients so that it ceases to develop. It is then electrically fused with an egg taken from a black-faced sheep. The egg, having had its nucleus removed, is stripped...

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... wrote a book in which he included his experiment of ten years prior; also he brought about the idea of cloning organisms by removing the nucleus of a separate cell and inserting it into an fertilized egg in which the nucleus had been removed. He called this the "fantastical experiment."" The only problem with this experiment was that Spemann didn't have a clue of how ... to do it. A very significant contribution came in 1944 when American Oswald Avery located the nucleic acid DNA as the carrier of genetic information, instead of proteins in the cell. Further insight ... in his lab from...

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... various ways that may help or harm society as a whole. What Is Cloning There are three types of cloning that exist, reproductive cloning, DNA cloning, and therapeutic cloning. The American Heritage Dictionary has three different definitions for cloning. 1) A cell, group of cells, or organism that is descended from and genetically identical to a single common ancestor, such as a bacterial colony whose members arose ... an identical genetic twin of an organism is produced. Reproductive cloning is how animals are cloned today. When you have a reconstructed egg after somatic cell nuclear tr...

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... . Then they combine the DNA fragment with the plasmid DNA to form recombinant DNA. This plasmid DNA can reproduce very easily, which also helps the new recombinant DNA replicate easily. So, scientist can generate large quantities of the recombinant DNA and the particular gene of interest. Animals can also be cloned. This is done by first destroying the nucleus of an egg cell from the species to be ... cloned. A nucleus is then removed from a cell of an animal of the same species and injected ... into the egg cell. The egg, with its new neculeus, develops into an animal ... ...

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... to cells lacking that particular function, thus correcting the genetic disorder or disease. There are two main categories of gene therapy: germ line therapy, or altering of sperm and egg cells, and somatic cell therapy, which is much like an organ transplant. Germ line therapy results in a permanent change for the entire organism, and its future offspring. Unfortunately, germ line therapy, ... in the alteration of bacterial genes. "Transforming bacterial cells is easier than transforming the cells of complex organisms" (Stableford 34). Two reasons are evident for this ease of manipulation...

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... cell of an existing organism is transferred into an oocyte from which the nucleus has been removed" (Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs 1). In other words, cloning is the method of produce a baby that has the same genes as its parent. You take an egg and remove its nucleus, which contains the DNA ... /genes. Then you take the DNA from an adult cell and insert it into the egg, either by fusing the adult cell with the enucleated egg, or by a sophisticated nuclear transfer. You then stimulate the reconstructed egg electrically ... or chemically and try to make it start to divide and be...

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... year old girl , which was the first human trail approved in the United State. Gene Therapy is the process of replacing a defective gene inside a patient's DNA with a working gene that will produce the correct gene products. But in order to carry a working gene to replace a defective gene is that it must ... the tissues being treated are somatic (somatic cells include all the cells of the body, except sperm cells and egg cells). The difference between replacing defective genes in germline and somatic cell therapy is that , in the germline cells (which contribute to the genetic heritage of...

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... . The cells turn off their active genes, and go into hibernation. An unfertilized egg is then taken out of an adult ewe, and the eggs nucleus, along with its DNA, is sucked out. Thus leaving an empty egg cell that still has the cellular machinery to produce an embryo. The empty egg and the culture of the starved cells are then placed next to each ... other. An electronic pulse causes the egg and cells to fuse together, and a second pulse is given to ... start the cell division. Six days later, the embryo is implanted in the uterus of another ewe. The result of this process is the birth ...

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... genome is the entire genetic material of an organism. In 1988, an International Human Genome project was set up which began to recognize and identify the 46 chromosomes of every cell. The point of the project is for scientists to have a better understanding of how genetics contribute to human disease. It is described as a Physical Map', which has helped with the ... identify 100 disease genes.2 A mutation is a change in the genetic material of a cell. DNA mutations are caused through DNA damage from environmental agents such as ultraviolet light (sunshine), nuclear radiation or certain ...

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... scientist in the world to clone an animal. It was a sheep named Dolly. Since then, Wilmut has succeeded in turning a cows" skin cell into a heart cell. "These were the first people to clone an animal, the first to change the genetic structure of a cloned animal. Now they are the first ... cloning of dolly. Using somatic nuclear transfer, Wilmut and his team of researchers inserted the nucleus of an adult udder cell into a sheep egg cell whose nucleus had been removed. When the egg with the new nucleus begins to divide, Wilmut implanted the developing embryo into the uterus of another shee...

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... the person being cloned. "To clone any animal, Navara says the first step is to take the DNA out of an egg. DNA is the part of a cell that tells it what to do. Then, scientists inject the DNA from the organism they want to clone into that egg and try to get it to divide and grow into an embryo. In reproductive cloning, the embryo ... is then implanted into a surrogate, where it is supposed to continue to develop" (Discovery 1). What cloning does is that it copies the DNA/genes ... or replacement of defective gene sequences. Gene therapy is currently limited because of inefficient vecto...

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... be as the same as the original organism because the content of DNA is totally the same. The first successful cloning Doly the sheep Biological significance Human somatic cell nuclear transfer, otherwise known (somewhat inaccurately) as creating an embryo by "cloning," involves1: The starvation and subsequent implantation of DNA from specialized, non-sexual cells of one organism (e.g., cells specialized ... to make that organism's hair or milk) into an egg whose DNA nucleus has been removed. The resulting egg and nucleus are shocked or ... chemically treated so that the egg begins to beh...

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Human genetics key landmarks in genetics 1839- cell theory Schleiden & Schwann 1859- particulate inheritance Mendel 1877- chromosomes observed Flemming 1900- blood groups discovered Landsteiner 1903- chromosomes carry genes Sutton 1908- inheritance of blood groups Ottenburg 1910- 1st genetic clinic- USA Davenport 1946- 1st genetic clinic- UK Roberts 1949- sex chromatin Barr 1953- DNA chromosomes in man Watson & Crick 1960- 1st chr ... more bases in a chromosome. mutations may be - -dominant (gene is expressed is the next generation) - recessive (several generations for expression) 2. aneuploi...

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... a new law of nature that is being defied and the government cannot take that away. True human cloning involves taking a somatic cell from a person and removing its nucleus. Then the nucleus of a fertilized egg cell is removed and placed in the somatic cell. This is impossible in humans right now because the somatic cells are specialized and there are many genes that have been ... help in finding cures for certain diseases and disorders such as cancer, aids, and leukemia. Scientists can take DNA from healthy cells and copy it then inject it into an unhealthy cell to cancel out the "bad" ...

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... can be dangerous. I also promises more efficient drugs, selecting the ones that will work better to your kind of DNA, and also fixing genetic mutations. Genetic mutations are defects presented in the human DNA, which may causes the development of diseases, cancers and even may be part o the development of the personality of ... cure for the genetic mutations that are constantly occurring in nature. The manner in which foreign genes are introduced into another cell is referred to as vector treatment. The vector refers to a virus which has been treated so that it is no longer harmful to the...

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... with the same restriction enzymes. When the fragment of chromosomal DNA is joined with its cloning vector in the lab, it is called a "recombinant DNA molecule." Following introduction into suitable host cells, the recombinant DNA can then be reproduced along with the host cell DNA. Plasmids can carry up to 20,000 bp of foreign DNA. Besides bacterial plasmids, some other cloning vectors include viruses, ... organisms that improve taste and nutritional value or provide resistance to particular types of disease can be used to genetically engineer food crops. With genome sequencing, fragmen...

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... since domestication itself. The actual study of genetics started long ago, with Mendel and his studies. Now scientists know much more of genetics and DNA. However, with the increased knowledge comes increases power, and with power comes the potential to abuse it. With the potential to abuse power ... it pairs, two in each individual for each separate characteristic. He concluded that since an individual organism is formed from the union of one egg and one sperm, that only one factor was present in eggs and sperm, but when they united, the number was returned to two. ... material. Almo...

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... a person, but what else can it be. Once the sperm and egg unite, the 23 chromosomes of each are brought together to form one cell with 46 chromosomes. Once this cell with 46 chromosomes is formed, that one cell has all of the DNA, the entire genetic code that makes up a human being. Everything which ... constitutes a human being is in that one cell from conception on it just takes time ... every person has their own morals and views. The beginning of life should be a scientific and biological issue. Science says that once the 46 chromosome cell is formed, the unborn fetus a living, dev...

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... in a lab). With this DNA product the scientists added transcriptase to the mix along with the RNA bases and the lo and behold the RNA was formed. The scientists then created a "juice" for the RNA to create a virus within. This "juice" consisted of shredded up human cells. From this "juice" was extracted the nucleus, mitochondria and other cell structures not needed for ... in the mice. Interleukin-4 is a substance that aids in the immune systems response to foreign invaders. Supposedly the production of interleukin-4 would be so enhanced that it would recognize a mouse egg as foreign, a...

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... are two distinct sides of cloning: animal and human. Animal cloning is defined in technical terms as "a means of asexual reproduction where a single cell in made to grow into an animal genetically identical to the animal that donated the cell" (Weiss, A-16) Human cloning is basically the same, yet there are more complications associated with it. Cloning is just the beginning of ... not be too far away. The research that has gone on has had some exciting successes and some terrible let downs. In cloning "scientists harvest an unfertilized egg from a female donor, removing the genetic mat...

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