... put on military readiness, it was necessary to complete the construction of 5 forts and some intermediate temporary and permanent fortifications in the outer defensive ring line of the Brest-Litovsk fortress. The preparation for the defence was carried out under the guidance of the fortress commandant General V.A. Layming. ... to the Citadel. Having failed to gain the foothold there, they began a spearhead towards the Kobrin Fortification. Only 13 of the 40 soldiers got to the casemates in the curtain wall between the North and the East Gates in the Kobrin Fortification. On June 28, Seni...

• Word Count: 9116
• Approx Pages: 36
• Grade Level: High School

... . In reality, Igor Gouzenko was the lieutenant in GRU (Russian Army Academy) working as a spy for the Soviets. With this position, he could send confidential information to Moscow about the technologies Canada had regarding the Atomic bomb. During his stay in Canada, which was his first ... involved and their positions within the government. This spy ring was made up mostly of civil servants, scientists and a Member of Parliament. Once Igor had all the documents he needed, he quickly made his way to Ottawa Journal. The greeting he received, however, was that of no interest. The night .....

• Word Count: 1290
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: High School

... had arrived. Germany's chance to push them back out to sea was gone. The Germans were encouraged to hold on by Hitler. On June 13, 1944 the Germans began fire ring rocket missiles into England. Although these bombs were hardly accurate the random terrorism was a cause for concern. Allied bombers were attacking their launching sites but they were difficult to find ... ...

• Word Count: 1983
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... , Alabama. The Army had commissioned him to build rockets for use in the Korean War. Wherner von Braun was dissatisfied with this task; he had a dream that his rockets would be used to explore space. He told President Eisenhower that he had the capability to put a satellite, even a man into orbit. Wherner forecasted this five years before Sputnik was launched. Eisenhower told von ... fighting. Both superpowers were ready to go to war at the blink of an eye, yet never authorized nuclear war against each other. This was a war fought in the political ring and began at the end of World War I...

• Word Count: 860
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: High School

... to get a man in space. It would show which country is greater to other nations deciding whether to become capitalist or communist. The USSR won the race but the US got the first man on the moon. Another negative effect was the Cuban missile crisis. This was when Fidel Castro (the communist leader of Cuba) allowed Nikita Khrushchev (Soviet leader) to ... land and thus, the Arab- Israeli war began. The Arabs argue that they were promised forty-five percent of the land by the UN partition plan in 1947 but only got twenty percent of it (http://www.cactus48.com/ ). Arabs also argue that afte...

• Word Count: 1041
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: High School

... the sky transmitting an eerie beep-beep-beep that proved the Soviet superiority, the Americans went into a sort of panic. After the initial shock of Sputnik blew over, the Americans got back on their feet rather quickly. All through out America, science and mathematics courses were advanced in regular schools, and now colleges opened courses in rocket science and aeronautical engineering ... December 6, 1957. It exploded three feet after take-off. This was a crushing blow to the Americans morale and a sign that the Soviets were still ahead of us. Although Project Vanguard got the most a...

• Word Count: 1305
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: High School

... of discouraging the select groups of workers to whom they taught Marxist theory from taking part in strikes and other types of industrial action. For that Lenin got arrested and sent away to Siberia. He was there for four years and still, was keeping track of what his comity doing by writing in invisible ink in the books that his most trusting ... to a three-year term on internal exile under police surveillance in the eastern Russian province of Siberia. After his long stay in Siberia when he got back to St. Petersburg and back to work. In the next 5 years he did everything possible wit...

• Word Count: 2174
• Approx Pages: 9
• Grade Level: High School

... triumphal. They lost 1500 people but were victorious. They made a new government, which immediately appointed people to areas that neened attention. The people wanted a good government, and for a while they got exactly what they wanted....

• Word Count: 817
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: High School

... bombing. The main problem facing Germany's economy after the second world war was the government. The way it was split into four parts slowed it to the point were nothing got done. The new government system also made bad decisions in helping the economy, they were more worried about the people rising against them so they made the country survive on ... ...

• Word Count: 573
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: High School

... forced-labor camps. (Gutman) In October 1943, 667 prisoners were escape under the most difficult conditions but 270 were caught not far away for the camp and after that ,they got killed. On April, 1944, two young Jewish prisoners were escape from the camp and they made it without get caught by the Nazi. (Gutman) During November and December 1944, the ... ...

• Word Count: 1268
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... Moscow and charged him with a $1 billion (30 billion rubles) fraud and tax evasion. The wealth of Khodorkovsky was estimated by Forbes magazine at $8 billion. When the news of his arrest got out the market began to slip, starting with the ruble, which fell half a percent to 30.0750 against the U.S. dollar before Central Bank spent at least $500 million to support ... ...

• Word Count: 4632
• Approx Pages: 19
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... try to develop industry the government paid workers the lowest wages possible whilst taxing them very highly. They also borrowed money from other countries. The idea was that once industry got started then the money would start rolling in and the government would be able to loosen these laws. However when there was a slump in industry workers lost jobs and strikes ... ...

• Word Count: 744
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: High School

... on the side of the then future US during the independence war between America and Great Britain and they supported the Americans with military supplies. On the other hand Russia got support from the US when Russia was attacked by Great Britain and France in 1855. During the years the Orthodoxy spread in Alaska. After the Russian revolution in 1917 a lot ... ...

• Word Count: 1321
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... to Communism. Truman sent troops to help the South Koreans. General MacArthur led the UN and South Korean forces. The fighting was difficult but MacArthur was successful until the Chinese got involved. The Korean War ended in a stalemate, and both South Korea and North Korea remained. The Truman Doctrine is a policy for providing military aid to a free nation that is threatened ... ...

• Word Count: 423
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: High School

... that could influence us and the future decisions that we'll make. The biggest part of our decision making is the way we were raised and the culture we have got used to. Many Americans believe that the success depends on the family background that you have. There are those who say that if the person was raised in a rich family ... ...

• Word Count: 1143
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: High School

... interesting were the building of a underground tunnel that connected a old bakery from the west to some back yard toilets in the east, capturing a boat and tying the captain up after he got drunk and taking the boat to West Berlin, and hiding in a car with no top and no windshield as the driver does not stop to be inspected and goes rite ... Berlin Wall was build up: a wall consisting of concrete and square blocks. During the first few days of the wall going up, people could escape through the border, but it got more dangerous day by day. People tried to climb over the Wall or the fence...

• Word Count: 1948
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: High School

... also suffered the destruction of their people. The millions of deaths were caused by Stalin and Hitler because they considered Ukrainians as "sub-humans" and found that they got in the way of the future of both of their countries. Ukraine had a population of 41.9 million in the beginning of World War II and after six long years their ... did not just lose its people, they also began to slowly lose their culture. Stalin desired to create a Soviet nationalism across the Union instead of having distinct nations within it. He started to force out Ukrainian culture and replace it with Soviet...

• Word Count: 631
• Approx Pages: 3
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... Race, where both countries competed for newer, stronger weapons than the other. Such as when America developed the A bomb, Russia got the A bomb, America got the H bomb, Russia got the H bomb and so on. They were both trying to out do each other with nuclear weapons, but if one of them ... a more effective government so it encouraged a resistance movement led by Fidel Castro. In 1959, Castro overthrew Batista's government and became Cuban president; he had by then become Communist, which worried the Americans at all seen as they had been trying to stop the spread of communism Communism....

• Word Count: 2876
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: High School

... his professors with his writing and analytical abilities. World War II was starting while John was in college. He wanted to enlist but the army and the navy turned him down because of his history of poor health. Over the summer of that year John got healthier and tried to enroll again. This time the U.S. Navy accepted him. After taking naval courses ... he was assigned to the Office of Naval Intelligence in Washington. His job was to prepare bulletins from foreign intelligence reports. John was ... staff in the White House felt like family members in a home. The people loved him and in...

• Word Count: 1450
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... currently spending $750 billion a year on the instruments of death, and in the process opening up a new battlefield of social neglect. We have got our priorities drastically wrong. The $100 billion or so spent on weapons by developing countries is three times what it would have cost to provide essential ... Waldheim, a former Secretary General for the U.N writes: "from its inception the U.N has played a crucial role in the great movement of decolonization.""16 He also says, " I have no doubt that without the United Nations this process would have been far more bloody and disruptive, far m...

• Word Count: 5612
• Approx Pages: 22
• Grade Level: High School

... even farther and disbanded the Russian parliament and every other elected representative body in the country, including many municipal and regional councils (Anders, 1995). The president got rid of the constitutional court and jailed any resistors. He even rewrote the constitution giving the executive nearly absolute power. In December of 1993, citizens of Russia elected a new parliament and approved a new constitution done ... by Yeltsin. In this political system, the president wields considerable executive power (Anders, 1995). There is no vice president, and the president nominates t...

• Word Count: 2646
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... a nuclear premiere. For this, the USA stationed their nuclear weapons in Turkey and Germany. The Soviet Union which didn't own fewer nuclear weapons - because of the long lasting armament race got, concerning the geographical situation into compulsion (Zugzwang). They, too, needed a strategical important point to place their own missiles (Raketen). Such a point was finally found with the accession to power (Machtergreifung ... risk for the USA. The on november 8th 1960 new elected democratic president of the USA, John Fitzgerald Kennedy wanted to dam the soviet influence on Cuba - becau...

• Word Count: 1992
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: High School

... was to take the land the United Nations had given Israel, made the speech with a gun showing beneath his jacket. For this speech he got a standing ovation and he gained observer status later that year. In 1982, Israel was declared a none-peace-loving-state and was about to be booted out of ... territorial integrity,'' 3 The United States, Russia and China all find ways to get back at other countries who have opposed them. The United States got back at the countries they did not like in November 1983. "The US congress....passed legislation that required the cutting off of all aid to ......

• Word Count: 2678
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... By the end of 1925 Uglanov had given his allegiance to Stalin. This destroyed the power base of Kamenov's work. Uglanov also openly opposed Zinoviev. Got the 14th Party Congress delayed. Politburo said Stalin should make the initial major speech. Zinoviev referred the matter to the central committee. Again Stalin go ... in the party were small. In fact Stalin was overshadowed extremely by Trotsky who was thought to secede Lenin. This, however, changed when Stalin got nominated to take charge of the Secretariat. The party needed somebody from the Politburo. Amongst the people that voted f...

• Word Count: 1632
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... wanted more territory and militia. His armies were in the millions and he already had Germany. Everybody wanted Poland because this would be the key to launching an attack on Russia if they got to power hungry. Not one person or country wanted another World War especially if it was against ... had believed that the US did not open a second front on Germany because they wanted Russia to have further casualties against Germany. The United States got extremely mad when the Soviets decided to blockade Berlin. This had it's benefits for the Soviet Union however. It created a way for Stalin ...

• Word Count: 1125
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: High School