... in future safety assessment procedures for pressurized pipelines. It is worth mentioning the validated CFD based fluid/structure fracture model (FSFM) that was previously developed by Mahgerefteh and Brown (2011) for the prediction of ductile fractures occurring in pressurized pipelines used for transporting anthropogenic CO2 from various fossil fuel power plants. The overarching theory and crucial validation ... use of Drop Weight Tear Test energy fracture model with Mahgerefteh et al.,'s extensively validated Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model- PipeTech (Mahgerefteh et al., 2006...

• Word Count: 1647
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... physically painful but they can lead to patients suffering emotional and psychological trauma. The impact of pressure ulcers physically and emotionally can consequently lower patients' quality of life (Shannon, Brown & Chakravarty, 2012). Therefore this essay will analyse and discuss relevant literature regarding the prevention of pressure ulcers in reference to repositioning and frequency. In general, there is a ... which supports the thirty degree tilted position did advise that this position appeared to be technically lacking scientifically however is still effective in pressure ulcer...

• Word Count: 1385
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... on the non-Kraepelinian model where disorders are seen as independent from one another. Categories of mental disorders are based on observable, phenotypic features rather than etiologies and neurobiological factors (Brown & Barlow, 2009; Watson, 2005). The DSMs categorical approach to disorders brings up questions about the validity of these categories. In the DSM 4, psychopathology is organized into ... between disorders. The FFM also supports Watson's proposal on separating bipolar disorder from distress and fear. Extraversion, Agreeableness and Openness of FFM differentiates among sc...

• Word Count: 2163
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... (Alegria, Atkins, Farmer, Slaton, & Stelk, 2010). Current research is closely linking the social environment with expression of disease, risk of developments of mental disorder, and resiliency factors (Alegria et al., 2010). With symptom expression, risk, and prevalence of mental disorders varying across factors such as culture, gender, and age (Alegría, Pescosolido, Williams, & Canino, 2011). Today our ... cultural variables – such as ethnicity, nativity, race, class, and gender – and psychopathology, as these variables create a different lived experience and in turn affect mental h...

• Word Count: 2238
• Approx Pages: 9
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... research that supports these hypotheses also suggests that butch lesbians may be physiologically similar to heterosexual men due to prenatal androgen exposure (Bassett et al. 2001; Brown et al. 2002; Pearce et al. 1996; Singh et al. 1999). Brown and colleagues (2002) support these suggestions with their finding of finger length differences in butch and femme lesbians in which butch lesbians ... show smaller deviations between the two finger lengths of the right hand. Past research has shown that finger length is associated to prenatal androgen exposure that results in men having longer r...

• Word Count: 1702
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... are often accompanied by other psychological problems such as anxiety, eating disorders, hyperactivity, substance abuse, and suicide, all of which can hide depressive symptoms (Blackman, 1995; Brown, 1996; Lasko et al., 1996; Oster & Montgomery, 1996). The signs of clinical depression include marked changes in mood and associated behaviors that range from sadness, withdrawal, and decreased energy ... to intense feelings of hopelessness and suicidal thoughts. Depression is often described as an exaggeration of the duration and intensity of "normal" mood changes (Brown 1996). Key ... sig...

• Word Count: 1418
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... are often accompanied by other psychological problems such as anxiety, eating disorders, hyperactivity, substance abuse, and suicide, all of which can hide depressive symptoms (Blackman, 1995; Brown, 1996; Lasko et al., 1996; Oster & Montgomery, 1996). The signs of clinical depression include marked changes in mood and associated behaviors that range from sadness, withdrawal, and decreased energy ... to intense feelings of hopelessness and suicidal thoughts. Depression is often described as an exaggeration of the duration and intensity of "normal" mood changes (Brown 1996). Key ... sig...

• Word Count: 1418
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... of our memory for when things happened. The less that people can remember about an event, then often the older the memory is thought to be. Brown et al. (1985) investigated this by asking a set of people to date 50 news events (relating to the period 1977-82) that they would ... were with, where they were and what they were doing at the time of some dramatic event (such as the death of Princess Diana). Brown and Kulik (1977) named these kinds of memories flashbulb memories. They put forward that emotional and surprising events, which are personally important, might ... automatically be...

• Word Count: 2024
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... A growing body of research supports the hypothesis that schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder (Beauregard and Bachevalier, 1996). Schizophrenics frequently exhibit neurological abnormalities throughout their lifespan (Olin et al., 1996). Development of a genetically distinct organism begins at conception; negative environmental influence is possible in gestation and throughout the lifespan. The initial environment any child ... ). This example shows a micronutritional deficiency causing neurodevelopmental defect; a parallel mechanism may be at work in schizophrenia. As succinctly...

• Word Count: 2018
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... state to a desirable one. For every tipping point, there is a phenomena that is forced to cross it, they are known as tipping elements (Lenton et al., 2009), they are components of any system that can be switched into a desirable or undesirable state as a result of a particular condition or conditions ... and survive. The loss of most of these algae has occurred with high frequency on coral reefs over the last 20 years (Coles and Brown 2003) as a result of coral bleaching that happens primarily from high seawater temperatures under high light conditions. If the situations causing this bl...

• Word Count: 2460
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... ischemic heart disease and strokes; about 80% of myocardial infarctions before the age of 50 years; and 70% of chronic lung diseases (smoker's lung), are caused by tobacco smoking (Allard et al., 1998). The tar in tobacco is responsible for the development of cancer. The most important malignancy related to smoking is lung cancer. The 5-year survival rate is only between ... 5 and 10%. A substantial proportion of cancers in the mouth, throat, esophagus, urinary bladder and pancreas are also caused by tobacco smoking (Allard et al.) The most disabling chronic lung disease related to smok...

• Word Count: 2015
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Taylor, 2005:1187). Chronic pain can be defined as persistent and prolonged that continues longer than the normal healing process, doesn't have a cause or lasts longer than six months. (Caffrey, et al, 2003:282) Pain can also be categorised in regard to a pathophysiological cause: nociceptive as somatic or visceral and neuropathic pain. (Crisp and Taylor, 2005:1187). Pain is a protective ... pathway which acts to prevent potential or actual injury. (Renn and Dorsey, 2005:278) There are four fundamental processes in pain transmission. (Brown 2005: 133). The initial process begins with tr...

• Word Count: 1516
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... neurofibrillary tangles in the woman's brain tissue and hypothesized that these abnormal deposits were responsible for her memory loss and other cognitive problems (Smith et al., 2004) The brief review of the history of Alzheimer's disease shows that the disease has come a long way and data proves ... problems family members experienced when caring for impaired older adults, the majority of which are cared for by their family members at home (Kaufer et., al 2005) Alzheimer's disease is increasingly described today as an epidemic in both professional literature and via media communication...

• Word Count: 1955
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... The literature offers a variety of learning theories and cognitive career theories, such as Krumboltz, Mitchell, and Gelatt's (1975) social learning theory of career counseling, Lent, Brown, and Hackett's (1996) social cognitive career theory, Brown's values based career development model (1996), Hackett and Betz's career self-efficacy model (1981) and Young, Valach, and Collin's contextual career development model (1996) ( ... made (problem solved). The basic theory is that much of the sequence of events can be thought of as the movement, storage, and transformation of information (Samps...

• Word Count: 1502
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... , whether it is a positive or negative infliction is up to the individual. REFERENCES: Anderson, B (1991) Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, 2nd revised edition. London: Verso. Brown, S (1995) New forces, Old Forces, and the Future of World Politics. Harpercollins: New York. Durkheim, Emile, (1964) The Division of Labor in Society. (Translated by George Simpson.) New York: ... what we do is no longer given to us by tradition; instead each individual faces the challenge of combining personal autonomy with an ongoing sense of secure selfhood" (Van K...

• Word Count: 1928
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... is seen below. - N2 + O2 2NO Once in the atmosphere, nitric oxide reacts with additional oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide (NO2) a red-brown, toxic gas that causes irritation to the eyes and the respiratory system. It is one of the components to the production of ground-level ozone which ... and the formation of SO3 which are classified as secondary pollutants. SO2 is known to have an adverse effect to ecosystems and the environment. (Gurjar et al., 2010) - S + O2 SO2 The main source of sulfur dioxide is industrial activity that processes materials that contain sulfur; a major example .....

• Word Count: 2264
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Morgan v. Virginia (1946) declared interstate bus segretation unconstitutional; Shelley v. Kraemer (1948) declared restrictive housing contracts unconstitutional; and the famous Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional (Boyer et al.). Of course, these impressive changes purported change in actual conditions, but in reality, they did very little to ease racial tension ... of the black community; his Supreme Court "after 1936 issued important antidiscrimination rulings in cases involving voting rights, wage inequity, jury selectio...

• Word Count: 1590
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... various characteristics and challenges this sub-population face. For instance, topics related to identity development, career development and maturity, identity foreclosure, team development and socialization, and retirement of student-athletes (Brown, Glastetter-Fender & Shelton, 2000; Murphy, Petitpas, &; Brewer,1996; Parham, 1993). In addition to alcohol and drugs, exercise, health issues, life balance and conflict, academics, ... college, and perceptions and stereotypes have all been associated with strong athletic identity (Adler &ump; Adler, 1987; Murphy, Petitpas, &ump; Brewer,19...

• Word Count: 2468
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... by channeling desire, and by supplying reasons for preferring its particular offer. As the world is technologically more powerful, the need of marketing, advertising and competition are also increasing (Vahabzadeh et al, 2013). Dove has carefully and strategically planned its advertisements campaigns to not only reach its target audience but also entice and grab their attention by using emotional cues in ... potential areas where more sales can be derived and understanding the possible impact on the attitude and behavior of Dove's target audience when they are exposed to the advertiseme...

• Word Count: 1467
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... officers". The plaintiffs also sought for the removal of the NYPD Street Crimes Unit, the unit that the four officers who killed Diallo were in. Daniels et al. v. The City of New York et al. (1999) was brought to the Center for Constitutional Rights in the wake of the Diallo shooting and the City agreed to a settlement on December 12, 2003 ... NYPD continued to deny these allegations (NYCLU). Now that this issue is receiving nationwide coverage following the tragic shooting deaths of unarmed, young African American men Trayvon Martin and Michael Brown by police officers, the public opin...

• Word Count: 1704
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... redirect the program slightly. The amicus briefs submitted by the various individuals, groups, and corporations gave the court insight into the extent affirmative action playes in the real world. In Brown v. Board of Education (1954) the Supreme Court began to take on the the racism in America. Ten years later Congress stepped in and passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ... Bakke case in 1978, less attention was given to the affirmative action debate. The Bakke case could have been overturned recently when the Supreme Court decided to hear Gratz et al. v Bollinger et al. Here the court w...

• Word Count: 1778
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... to signal interactional strategies, such as interrupting, asking for clarification, changing the subject, concluding an argument or forcing a hearer to reply. Similarly, in referring specifically to pronunciation instruction, Brown has pointed out that "the ELT teacher () must often decide which features of language, on the one hand, are important and therefore merit precious class time and which, on ... the other hand, are relatively unimportant and may be overlooked until a more advanced stage" (Brown, 1988: 593). Taylor (1993:2) adds to this matter and states that "While one would hes...

• Word Count: 2008
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... 's pronunciation. As explanation, "evidence shows that the particular motor skill of speech pronunciation is best developed at a younger age."(Steinberg: 208) Another possible reason is offered by Flege (Theo Bongaerts et al, 1997) that "one of the main cause of foreign accents is the increasing tendency of L2 learners, once they have established the phonetic categories for their L1, to perceive ... language than children, although no evidence is available in classroom situation. My reason is that "adults, more cognitively secure, appear to operate from the solid foundation of the first ...

• Word Count: 1663
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... "misinformation effect". An area of great controversy in our society is the practice of eyewitness testimonies. Many innocent individuals have been placed in prison as a result of inaccurate testimonies. Fruzzetti et al (1992) articulated that even a very low rate of false identifications have lead to hundreds of innocents being convicted of crime every year. Factors that influence the accuracy of eyewitness ... how we perceive and recall personal information. However, in some cases memories are recalled in incredible detail and are very accurate. When this occurs it is known as Flashbu...

• Word Count: 1705
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... a chair, and reliability tells you how good a hammer you have. For examples if I was to do a test of intelligence based on eye color blue eyed people are more intelligent than brown eyed people would certainly be reliable, because eye color doesn't change, but it would not be very valid, because IQ and eye color have little to do with each other ... and specific. According to the authors of the article "the ultimate responsibility for appropriate test use and interpretation" predominately lie with the test user. (American Educational Research Association et al., 1999, p.111) There are t...

• Word Count: 1296
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate