... for a young black woman, whereas other abortion facilities will "offer sincere counseling" (Fox News). The Guttmacher Institute's study found that less than ten percent of abortion clinics are in predominantly African-American neighborhoods (McCaffrey). In fact, in stark contrast to Cain's claims, 63 percent of abortion clinics are located in neighborhoods with a majority of white residents, while ... 12 percent are located in Hispanic neighborhoods. Fifteen percent of facilities are found in mixed racial communities, but only 9 ... percent are located in predominantly black neighborho...

• Word Count: 556
• Approx Pages: 2
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... all-white jury, white prosecutor, white judge phenomenon, because that's what people have seen for decades". (NPR Staff) Stevenson conducted a study in the Southern US-states, including Mississippi, and dicovered that "80 percent" of the black population was excluded from jury service, ... achieving a conviction of a black murderer in a predominantly white area helps build his reputation. Actual studies show that prosecutors are oftentimes more inclined to "pursue full prosecution, file more severe charges, and seek more stringent penalties in cases involving defendants of color" (Bell...

• Word Count: 4938
• Approx Pages: 20
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... wealth on average, Hispanic households had $6,325, and white households average $113,149 in wealth. Furthermore, unemployment rates for blacks and Hispanics rose at a faster pace than for whites, according to a study by the Center for American Progress. At the same time, median family income was declining faster for the minority groups than for whites (The Huffington Post). "The median wealth of ... housing market affected Latinos greatly (Costa). Rakesh Kochhar, Associate Director for Research at the Pew Hispanic Center, agreed, "Hispanics are more affected by the downturn because they ...

• Word Count: 551
• Approx Pages: 2
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... history. Facts that did not fit the racial worldview of racial superiority were obfuscated. Great historical figures such as Genghis Kahn, Confucius, and Attila the Hun were all considered to be "pure" Caucasians. Explanations for advanced social systems in Africa were predicated on the belief of Caucasian mixture in the aristocratic or ruling elements. From the mid-nineteenth century ... Indian cylindrical, and that of the Negro "eccentrically elliptical"." (Stanton 31). This so-called science (phrenology) issued in a new era that granted "races" a biological reality. Phrenology inspir...

• Word Count: 1439
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... justice. Some famous abolitionists are John Brown, William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass, and Sojourner Truth. In 1833, sixty abolitionist leaders from ten states met in Philadelphia to create a national organization to bring about immediate emancipation of all slaves. The American Anti-slavery Society elected officers and adopted a constitution and declaration. Drafted by William Lloyd Garrison, the declaration pledged ... equal rights for all and not just freedom for slaves. The legacy both abolitionists left behind for future generations of African Americans and American society ...

• Word Count: 4134
• Approx Pages: 17
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... their homes, souls from their bodies. The enslavement of people effectively dehumanized both the slave and the owner. By bringing the slave owner down to the level of "savage" in which the owner showed a total disregard for the physical and emotional welfare of the person whom they stripped of ... slave is clearly being victimized the slave owner is also a victim of his or her own hate, ignorance and stupidity. How were slaveholders able to so effectively socially suppress such a large number of people, sometimes estimated as a total of fourteen million in the course of four hundred year...

• Word Count: 1400
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... mainstream America. The article "Supply-Side Affirmative Action" by Clarence Page highlights the reasons why Affirmative Action is crucial to the diversification of Corporate America. Its main focus was to open doors to qualified minorities, thus removing the glass ceiling. Affirmative Action's role is to create a unified environment for the nation's job market and qualifications for college admissions during the height of the ... because of nepotism or favoritism now have a chance for growth within an institution as illustrated by the story of former Vice-President J. Danforth Quayle. A...

• Word Count: 425
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... very people that it benefits, while the people who oppose it feel that they are negatively affected by it" (George E. Curry & Cornel West, 20). Unfortunately, many of the people opposed to affirmative action do not fully understand the rules and stipulations of the policy. "And while many minorities and women support affirmative action, a growing number say its benefits are no longer ... employees. Many affirmative action supporters believe that even if female employees are less qualified for their position than a white male, they will still be selected over the white male due to the re...

• Word Count: 781
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... . Support from southern senators although only a few. And finally in the latter years: the sense of black pride. In the time period of 1956 to 1968 there were international activities, such as African states being independent, attempts to end communism in countries such as Cuba, China, and The Soviet Union. These activities meant it was time for change, the world was changing ... views and the way different people were treated, and America was the only country that was still holding on past customs. Martin Luther King's methods and policies were a great contribution to the success of civ...

• Word Count: 675
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... around a central rhythm. However, improvisation that is more complex is taken off this base, and at some point, the pieces eventually come back to the central rhythm, the place where it originated. In Ralph Ellison's first chapter, "Battle Royal,"œ of Invisible Man, the reader travels through ... and allegorical references in the story of the "Battle Royal,"" parallels the history of jazz. Ralph Ellison's first chapter of Invisible Man introduces us to an African American man whose grandfather feels that he is a traitor for having lead a life based on a guiding principle of submissivene...

• Word Count: 1224
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... who do not care about her skin colour and regard her as a member. During this time she has no need to worry about her belonging since she already belongs to this warm family. However, her sense of belonging wavers on the first day of white-only-school, the first step ... a symbol of inferiority, race examination by doctor or even physical violence from her teacher. These racial barriers raise her doubt if she still belong to the white community, or even her family. This is the first time she nearly loses her belonging as a child with immature cognition. After stepping ... Running away ...

• Word Count: 903
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... made black resistance difficult but not impossible. The Son'eto uprising of 1976, Steve Biko, and pressure from outside of South Africa helped to end apartheid and bring about change in South Africa. As black resistance grew, the National Party Government took harsh repressive action in the ... demonstrations against 'pass laws' that restricted individual freedom. A large group of blacks in the town of Sharpeville refused to carry their passes. Their campaign led to what became known as the Sharpeville Massacre (Son'eto uprising of 1976). Protests were met with violent opposition wh...

• Word Count: 1075
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... way or another, were writing against oppression in America. Their target audience was the actual beneficiaries of that oppression and somehow they were able to create progress by writing at these people. Retrospectively analyzing their work, a reader can see that both writers were penetrating a disconnecting layer of racism ... it would fit in with popular beliefs about race of the day. Ida B Wells, a southern born journalist, wrote "A Red Record" to inform her Northern readers about southern lynching in a way that would inspire them take action. Since her audience was Northern and white...

• Word Count: 1541
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... almost a block away. At this moment, Staples realizes that because of the way he dressed, his height, and long hair he appears frightening to people, particularly white people, he came across while walking along the streets. Staples makes the association that statistically, that a majority of rapists and ... by people he encountered while walking. For example, Staples notices that people avoid making eye contact with him or people cross the street to avoid coming in contact with him. Staples cites from two essays in which the authors are both intensely uncomfortable in the presence of .....

• Word Count: 1531
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... 1909-1934) and was active in the Harlem resistance. The ideological differences between Washington and Du Bois grew, jeopardizing the stability of the movement and thus losing the opportunity to unite their approaches. Marcus Garvey, an extremist from Jamaica, believed that African Americans were handicapped by their economic circumstances, so aimed for improvement through better education and business ventures ... (1960) and Birmingham campaigns (1963). The organised pressure group the NAACP fought for social reform, by fighting social injustices in court, putting pressure on state and ...

• Word Count: 2522
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Southern Christian Leadership Conference. He justifies his presence at the demonstration in Birmingham by saying that the Birmingham organization affiliated with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference "asked us to be on call to engage in a nonviolent direct-action program if such were deemed necessary." Then he reinforces the notion that he was not in Birmingham uninvited by directly stating "I...am ... resulted from segregation. Next King attacks the absurd assertion that "our actions, even though peaceful, must be condemned because they precipitate violence," and he compares the...

• Word Count: 4137
• Approx Pages: 17
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... cultural celebration of Kwanzaa to rekindle the spirit of awareness of our African roots and to provide a value system to guide us in our interactions with one another. While some criticize Kwanzaa because it is not an authentic African holiday, we must remember there was a time when anything African was anathema to people of African descent due to the effective brainwashing our ... enemies used to induce wholesale self-hatred and self- ... Nguzo Saba provided the foundation for the Kwanzaa holiday. These are the seven principles: Umoja (Unity) - 12/26 Kujichagulia (Self-Determination)...

• Word Count: 934
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... " (11). In other words they could have been said to be unreliable people. However, Woodson argues that "The charge that all Negro officers were illiterate, ignorant of the science of government, cannot be sustained" (12). In a study shown to prove his argument shows that "Negro illiteracy has been reduced to 79.9 by 1870, just about the time the freedmen were actually ... participating in the beginning of the reconstruction" (12). Despite Woodson's argument he would agree with the other authors that "It is ... true that many of them were not prepared to vote, and decidedly disqualified ...

• Word Count: 601
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the fusion of the Anglo-American style of hymnody with the distinctive rhythms and concerns of the slave community".12 Slaves saw that the story of Exodus contradicted the White-American notion that blacks were meant to be kept in enslavement and seemed to prove that the fundamental ideas that slavery was built upon were against the will of God and would come ... many historians was that slaves embraced Christianity by the millions and were moved by its messages of love, hope, and salvation.14 Lawrence W. Levine's study, Black Culture and Black Consciousness, suggests there was a "wides...

• Word Count: 1954
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... . Moreover, minorities were detained for longer periods of time per stop than whites, and were 80% of those whose cars were searched after being stopped.7 Showing the similar statistic to the previous two, a study of traffic stops on the New Jersey Turnpike found that 46% of those stopped were black, although only 13.5% of the cars on the road had a black driver ... another example, defendants charged in Georgia with killing white victims were 4.3 times more likely to receive the death penalty than defendants charged with killing black victims.12 The Baldus study also found that more tha...

• Word Count: 2471
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the black students and teachers could not speak Afrikaans but they were forced to do that anyway instead of using their own native language which was English. However, this resulted to a situation where black students were forced to be educated in a language they didn't even understand. It was rather ... to find covers to protect themselves while others were attacking to policemen with rocks. That day, hunders of school children were harmed while two students called Hastings Ndlovu and Hector Pieterson were dead from gunshots of the police officers. Hector Pieterson was the youngest stu...

• Word Count: 2834
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... US Department of Education reports the official community college graduation rate is only at 18 percent, and if transfer students are included, it only rises to 40 percent, Jennifer Cotton explains. Cotton also explains a process called "swirling," which is taking part in a little bit of everything ... "they are failures before even taking the [class]." More minorities make up her lower level English classes as well, and although the blacks and Latinos who make it to higher level English classes do succeed, the bigger issue is that many don't get into these classes. It's common knowledge ...

• Word Count: 1872
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... today; even though inequality presently in the system is not as blatant as what it once was, the system has come to depend on inequality. Other than police misconduct, racial inequities have also poisoned the criminal justice system. A study by the California Judicial Council Advisory Committee on Racial and Ethnic Bias in the Courts found that the justice system gives little attention ... or resources to investigating crimes against minorities and that minority defendants receive harsh treatment compared to white defendants in similar circumstances. The study also found that black-on-b...

• Word Count: 3114
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... National Party and reportedly wields considerable influence in the Parliament at Cape Town. An outspoken enemy of Smuts and all things English, he stands "like a chained lion" when God Save the King is played in the cinema (101). Pieter's decision to take the "red oath" and fight with the British is a source of conflict between Pieter and his father. It also shows ... unbiased, especially when it is a loved one. She herself acknowledges that she loves Pieter "perhaps beyond all wisdom" (12). Pieter also recognizes the excessive quality of her attention to him and at times openly resists...

• Word Count: 1438
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... First, in 1984 almost 46% of those arrested for violent crimes were Black, while Blacks constitute only about 12% of the national population on the whole. 5 Overall, Blacks are twice as likely to be arrested when compared to whites.6 This data could be construed to mean simply that Blacks commit more crimes than whites. Although this may be true, "the argument that police behavior ... , and seek more stringent penalties in cases involving minority defendants than in cases involving nonminority defendants."8 This discrimination becomes even more evident, and disturbing, when examining the...

• Word Count: 3584
• Approx Pages: 14
• Grade Level: Undergraduate