According to International law (1770), Britain could legally take possession of another country if: 1: The country was uninhabited then Britain could claim and settle that country 2: If already inhabited. ... It is now known that Britain did not abide by this international law and therefore it's claim of sovereignty was based on legal fiction and the myth of terra nullius. ... There was a distinct dispute between the British law that assumed superiority and Indigenous Australian customary law. ... An example of this was the 2006 Law Reform Commission report from Western Australia which pr...

• Word Count: 2489
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The term "transnational" refers to crimes that are not only international (crimes that cross borders between countries), but crimes that by their nature encompass cross-border transference as a crucial part of the criminal activity. As a result of globalization, there has been an increased amount of organized crime moving across international borders, and no longer is it simply a national concern, but a global one, as it affects people all over the world, and not those of a single state. ... They take advantage of breakdowns in authority and weak law enforcement. ... Investments to address tra...

• Word Count: 1757
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

It was because of this huge debacle that Congress saw that better administrators were needed to watch over and enforce the laws in place. ... They also support and assist all levels of domestic and international law enforcement when called upon to do so. ... Agents also investigate illegal trafficking of weapons and take into custody those who continually break the law. Using the state of the art computer ballistics matching, ATF helps all levels of law enforcement track down criminals involved in shootings. Hiring and Selection Process As with all levels of law enforcement, the agent...

• Word Count: 1258
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The primary concern of the crime control perspective is to protect the society and maintain law and order. It enforces the laws as outlined in the constitution. In exercising the various crime control procedures, the law enforcers are also expected to obey the rule of law. ... If he is found guilty, the law allows the law enforcers to issue the convict a penalty as stated by the law depending on the magnitude and nature of the crime committed. ... In policing for instance, the Law Enforcement Code of Conduct specifies that one of the main duties of police is to protect people's rights, p...

• Word Count: 1024
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

In Furman, Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty was arbitrarily and capriciously" applied under existing law. ... - The death sentence must be subject to review by the highest State court of appeals to ensure that the penalty is in proportion to the gravity of the offense and is imposed even-handedly under State law. ... Our history is replete with laws and judicial recognition that minors, especially in their earlier years, generally are less mature and responsible than adults."" ... The 5-3 decision vacated the defendant's death sentence (at the age of 15, Thompson had partic...

• Word Count: 2175
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

It must be inflicted by an authority or institution wholes rules or laws have been broken. ... Punishment helps people understand that laws and rules are there for obedience. ... With the professionalization of police and law enforcement, society moved to punishment focusing on reform and rehabilitation of the offender. ... According to Amnesty International, the single most reliable predictor of whether someone will be sentenced to death is the race of the victim (Amnesty International USA, 2015). Amnesty International also revealed, according to a 2007 study of Connecticut sentences that wer...

• Word Count: 1818
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Pei Xianding, Judge of Supreme People's Court said, "Under the new Criminal Law, anyone involved in food safety crimes will face at least term imprisonment. ... "Those food safety crimes leading to fatalities or any other serious aftermath should be sentenced to death in accordance with the law," the notice said (China Digital Times). ... Despite the fact that the annual number of executions is a state secret, Amnesty International estimates it to be in the thousands last year for "a wide range of crimes that include non-violent offenses," more than all other countries combined (Jiang...

• Word Count: 519
• Approx Pages: 2
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

District Court Judge Florence-Marie Cooper granted an injunction that allows law enforcement officers to stop and seize any person wearing the Mongols logo. ... It is estimated that there are 500 to 600 fully patched members in California and 14 other states in the U.S. as well in 13 countries internationally. Mongols have a long history of run in with the law and law enforcement involving drug dealing, money laundering, robbery, extortion, firearm violations, murder, and assault among others. ... Loy and Alan Mansfield, an attorney with the San Diego-based Consumer Law Group of California, ...

• Word Count: 778
• Approx Pages: 3
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

As stated in Article 14 of the "International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights," this placement will take into consideration their age and promote their rehabilitation. ... The arrest detention or imprisonment of a child shall be in conformity with the law and shall be used only as a measure of last resort and for the shortest appropriate period of time." ... In an article entitled, "Setting Out the International Standards on Mandatory Sentencing of Juveniles," I learned about "The Beijing Rules." ...

• Word Count: 730
• Approx Pages: 3
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

This would be in line with international perception of the country's state of affairs. ... Kim Workman of Rethinking Crime and Punishment was interviewed for a study on international justice systems conducted by the United Kingdom audit office and said the justice system's treatment of Maori was a matter of "national shame." ... These groups seek to amend current law to implement harsher sentencing and parole stipulations. ... With this 'tough on crime' rhetoric clearly displayed on the national parties law and order policy release statement found on their website it becom...

• Word Count: 1635
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Current bail laws allow for greater protection of the offender's civil liberties, while upholding the protection of victims and society. ... This is seen in the 2011 review of The Bail Act 1978 by The NSW Law Reform Commission. ... Therefore, society and the victim's rights to safety are better balanced with the offenders right to be "presumed innocent until proven guilty according to the law", under Article 14 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. ... The right to a fair trial is crucial in enabling the criminal justice system to uphold rights, throu...

• Word Count: 1051
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Following in this report will be the laws and regulations that have been applied to abolish this act in Australia and also some of the debates, history, effects, and opinions on this very sensitive subject. ... Now the worst punishment impoundable by Australian law is life imprisonment, with no parole. ...

• Word Count: 3217
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

(Michael Victory, END OF THE LINE 1994) Now the sentence of life imprisonment (in some states penal servitude for life', strict security life imprisonment', or for the term of his natural life') has become the most severe sanction authorized by Australian law. ... Under Commonwealth law, the death penalty was abolished in 1973 by s.4 of the Death Penalty Abolition Act, 1973.( Australian Institute of Criminology report in crime and criminal justice 1993) Although Australia has abandoned capital punishment, it does not follow that it could never be reintroduced. Nor does it mea...

• Word Count: 2841
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

We also do not allow any material which encourages conduct that would constitute a criminal offense, violate the rights of others, or otherwise violate any applicable local, state, national or international law. This community forum is a place for ideas and constructive participation, and not a place to violate any laws or to discuss illegal activities. ...

• Word Count: 761
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The sole purpose of human trafficking in most states is of sexual aspects internally and internationally (HumanTrafficking.org). ... The UNDOC is developing training materials for law enforcers working to prevent human trafficking and smuggling. ...

• Word Count: 533
• Approx Pages: 2
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The government's move to strengthen gun control laws will lead to a violation of the 2nd Amendment of the Constitution that states. ... Therefore, the government should not strengthen gun control laws because it will become a violation of the Constitution. ... Since then there have been other occasions of mass shooting, which have occurred in schools and streets; the government, the public, and the international community have criticized these incidents. ... The federal government understands its mandate and roles as stipulated in the supreme law and has strived to formulate and enact la...

• Word Count: 2270
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

In the late 1990's, 38 states of the United States had laws that allowed the death penalty. These laws were influenced by a 1972 U.S. ... According to the organization Amnesty International, about 100 nations either have formally abolished capital punishment or have done so in effect. ... Since 1985, over 40 countries have abolished the death penalty in law or, having previously abolished it for ordinary crimes, have gone on to abolish it for all crimes. ... Rakoff, a New York Judge, made this decision at a time where DNA testing and other technological advancements flourish in the court ...

• Word Count: 1346
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

In response to increased juvenile crime, particularly violent crime, several states have enacted new programs and laws that place a greater emphasis on public safety, and imposes tougher sentences for violent juvenile crime. ... In response, Federal officials, in cooperation with local law enforcement, established the Los Angeles Metropolitan Task Force (LA Task Force), and launched its largest crackdown ever on LA gangs. ... Proposition 21 was represented as a juvenile crime law, but at least half of its provisions on gangs pertain to adults as well (Implementation Guidelines For Proposition ...

• Word Count: 2063
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Theory is a systematic explanation for the observed facts and laws that are related to particular aspects of life. ... Therefore one who violates law deserves to be punished. ... In a complex society where rules and laws become increasingly abundant, behaving appropriately, become difficult. ... Thus individuals violate law resulting from their contact with other criminals during their interaction with each other. ...

• Word Count: 2056
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

He further argued that the law should seek some sort of retribution from those who were incapable of restraining themselves from anti-social behavior. ... At the international congress of criminal anthropology in 1889 French delegates opposed his theories. ...

• Word Count: 2697
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Stacy Lee Burns states, "Problem-solving courts share the common goal of altering participants' so-called ˜deviant' ways and reforming them into law-abiding citizens, having a future-oriented focus on treatment and recovery (rather than on blame and punishment for past misconduct) " (Burns 2010, p 75). ...

• Word Count: 4011
• Approx Pages: 16
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate