... personal goals. The idea of the tragedy of the commons, game theory, and the problem of collective action combined can be useful in understanding politics as a whole. The tragedy of the commons was first published in 1968, and since then it has been applied to social, economic, and political situations. Garrett Hardin originally put forth a metaphor to explain this idea. A pasture land represented a common resource, open for anyone to use, and not ... owned by anyone in particular. The herdsmen had no limit as to how many ... ...

• Word Count: 1485
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... no sovereignty. For example, during the Middle Ages, the organization of politics and society is probably best described by the Pauline metaphor of the Body of Christ. During this period, popes and emperors intervened regularly in the territorial affairs of kings and nobles, while the same kings and nobles held rights and privileges against the pope. The Treaty of Westphalia severely weakened papal authority throughout much of Europe; it marked the transition from feudal principalities to ... of the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction" (Gottlieb, p. 91). While article 2.7 of th...

• Word Count: 2503
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... no sovereignty. For example, during the Middle Ages, the organization of politics and society is probably best described by the Pauline metaphor of the Body of Christ. During this period, popes and emperors intervened regularly in the territorial affairs of kings and nobles, while the same kings and nobles held rights and privileges against the pope. The Treaty of Westphalia severely weakened papal authority throughout much of Europe; it marked the transition from feudal principalities to ... of the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction" (Gottlieb, p. 91). While article 2.7 of th...

• Word Count: 2503
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... transfer to democratic rule in Nigeria in 1998, brokering an agreement between Libya and the UN's security council concerning responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing in 1999 and he organised an international response to the crisis in East Timor in the same year. In 2000, he secured the certification of Israel's withdrawal from the Lebanon and he made, and has continued to make, strong efforts to encourage peaceful ... hard - liners. For over a year now, his most prominent concern has been the lead-up to and helping his organisation cope with war in Iraq. While remaining strictly neutra...

• Word Count: 318
• Approx Pages: 1
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The United Nations Trust Fund in Support of Actions to Eliminate Violence against Women recently awarded $10 million in grants to 13 initiatives in 18 countries. The UN Trust Fund, which is managed by the United Nations Development Fund for Women, or UNIFEM, was established in 1996 by the United Nations, and still remains the only multilateral grant-making mechanism solely devoted to supporting local and national efforts to end violence against women and girls. Its recent grant completed the UN Trust Fund's 14th grant-making cycle of 2009, which awarded a total of $20.5 million to 26 projects ...

• Word Count: 1050
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... tarffs so that developing countries can supply raw materials and semi finished products economically. In return, industrialized countries can also enjoy sales of their finished products to developing countries. Secondly, the main important thing in human society is health. Every nations need healthy citizens and labours to develop country's economic and social sectors. Health conditions in ... Ebola than industrialized countries. Nowadays, every nations are interconnected and millions of people travels around the world everyday. Due to such factors, epidamic can also spread all over th...

• Word Count: 414
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... would attack mainly through Kuwait. The decision of the U.S. will depend greatly on whether the Iraqi Army resists or whether its officers will abandon Saddam and surrender. However, there is one problem with these war plans, and that is the incredible risk of going to war against Iraq. If America invaded Iraq, it could provoke the use of chemical and biological weapons; the question is still circulating, however, ... whether or not Saddam has these types of ... weapons available to him, and if he does, whether or not he would use them. One major concern is that civilians ... ...

• Word Count: 500
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... their headquarters and discuss on the best policies WHO has to offer. The inputs of all these membered states is crucial to the policies because of their varying backgrounds in their respective countries. Having their perspective on what goes on in their side of the world allows the WHO to effectively determine the course of actions needed to be taken to efficiently attack the problem at the root. The WHO focuses on six ... main areas of work which include health systems, non-communicable as well as communicable diseases, promoting health through the life course, corporate services and ...

• Word Count: 537
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... deterrence and ultimately disarmament, in hopes of a world free from nuclear use by non-state actors. According to the Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI), Korea has allied with the United States ever since the nuclear war and has abandoned its nuclear weapons program. South Korea has also signed the Joint Declaration on the Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula along with North Korea. ... Although North Korea has clearly violated this declaration, South Korea has called on the ... bound by a bilateral pact with the United States banning the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel," with a r...

• Word Count: 546
• Approx Pages: 2
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... car and was able to make it through several checkpoints disguised "in the local manner" and using a refugee document (The Huffington Post). Despite the original relief al-Obeidy's family felt after hearing about her escape, she may be in even worse trouble. While she was awaiting resettlement as a refugee, the Office of the U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees was busily preparing papers for her departure. ... During this time, Qatari authorities took her and her parents from a hotel in the capital city of Doha and forced them onto a military plane leaving Qatar, despite the repeated requ...

• Word Count: 512
• Approx Pages: 2
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... , transferring, harboring or receiving a person through a use of force, coercion or other means, for the purpose of exploiting them. Human trafficking has become a point of importance in recent years because anti-trafficking proposals have flourished. The sole purpose of human trafficking in most states is of sexual aspects internally and internationally (HumanTrafficking.org). In the sex industries, trafficking is mostly related to the rising demand and supply in women in ... attempt to fight human trafficking. Governments attempts to fight trafficking through prevention, protection, an...

• Word Count: 533
• Approx Pages: 2
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Palestinian welfare in the organizing of this flotilla," said Israel's ambassador to the United Nations, Ron Prosor. He added that the flotilla participants are "extremists" (Chick). The U.S. Department of State spokeswoman Victoria Nuland agreed that the participants are taking "irresponsible and provocative" actions and urged them to use "established and efficient" measures to get aid to Gaza (Chick). The Foreign Press Association fought back in favor of the activists, saying journalists ... have a right to cover a legitimate news event and should not be threatened or intimidated for ...

• Word Count: 620
• Approx Pages: 2
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... with strict precepts neatly running from ultimate political purpose to intermediate objectives to specific tactics. The use of terrorism has evolved in response to new technology, new targets and new counter-terrorist laws. At the very least, September 11th demonstrated that these particular terrorists that we knew best over the past three decades. Kegley points out three new myths since September 2001. Myth one: ... oppose nongovernmental terrorism that leads to miscalculations about who would be terrorist actors and the relations among them. To engage in a "war" against all such supp...

• Word Count: 1092
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Internationalism promotes peace, security, self-determination, economic stability, and humanitarianism between nations. The United Nations (UN) was created after the second world war to insure global security which is one of the most important human needs. Also, in an international sport like the olympics, the host country will have great economic benefits because of attracting foreign investment. Also tourism generated by this event also boosts ... isolation for many years and they isolated themselves greatly from the rest of the world. Even though they did isolate themselves, they fina...

• Word Count: 711
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... of the occasional usefulness of the idea of massive retaliation," (HIST, 436) the United States began their own research to develop their own such bomb, which would eventually become the atomic bomb. The research, studying and testing of this atomic bomb received the code name the Manhattan project. President Truman was the one who made the decision to use the atomic bomb, and one of the most admirable things about president Truman was that despite the scrutiny of the use of the ... atomic bomb, he stood his ground in the decision he made, he didn't try to push ... ...

• Word Count: 1297
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... harsh reactionary measures against Iran, which in reality were far too risky and could mean the deaths of thousands, including the hostages. The sanctions proved effective upon their use as a bargaining chip to negotiate the release of all hostages in 1981, minutes after the inauguration of Ronald Reagan. Sanctions resumed with increased ferocity during the Reagan administration, with extensive sanctions including even items which can be adapted for military purposes ... Union nations. The "attrition" style technique of mass-sanctioning is also criticized, with many suggesting other met...

• Word Count: 1264
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... occur as soon as he was taken down. The Hutu extremists began the ethnic cleanse the day their leader was killed while the UN waited two weeks to send a microscopic number of 550 peacekeepers (pg 96). Ordinary Hutu individuals were encouraged to kill Tutsi neighbors through radio propaganda. If the start of such an atrocity was spread through the use of technology, the end could have as well. Through state reactions ... , it is no doubt intervene was necessary, yet no one was willing to involve themselves in this mass murder, which is why Rwanda is the United Nation's biggest failure. Th...

• Word Count: 842
• Approx Pages: 3
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... , our previous UN Commissioner of Human Rights, Navi Pillay, stated that the United States part in the situation of Guantanamo Bay is a "clear breach of international law." The United Nations Human Rights Council has been advocating for an amendment that would allow all detainees to have their trials run by the civilians court rather than holding trials at the existing and in use criminal system utilized in ... Guantanamo. These amendments were aimed towards the Geneva Conventions, a set of international laws comprised of four treaties. These Conventions have been utilized ever since 194...

• Word Count: 743
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... surprised as Stalin's spies had revealed long ago of its existence. However, they thought that the weapon would not have been used but to rather demonstrate the destructive power of the Soviet's. The Soviets felt threatened therefore, developing a bomb of their own changing everything. A nuclear strategy was then created where both sides would threaten to use their nuclear weapons to stop the other becoming aggressive. This strategy was meant ... to prevent a war, which in one way did stop it however, created a growing sense of fear throughout the nations and distrust between the former...

• Word Count: 885
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... during its conflagration with other nearby Arab countries (Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. History: War). The United Nations need to consider the events that Palestinians have endured as one of the factors to reconsider Palestine has a legal country status. After the war between the nearby Arab countries and Israel, Israelis ruggedly forced the remaining Palestinians to get out of Israel. Some Palestinians need to live in surrounding Arab states ... ' approaches became a threat to them (Pendergast 62). Nowadays, Israelis claimed that they would let Palestinians build their own city in West Ba...

• Word Count: 1073
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... and Rwandan Patriotic Front, in order to end the 3 year the Rwandan civil war and bring peace. The mandate is made very limited by the UN. Before the genocide, early warning by General Dallaire and his plead to expand the mandate went ignored and rejected many times (Des Forges, 1999). The result of not being authorized in the mandate to intervene or use force was that UNAMIR had to "watch ... member states were reluctant to use the word "genocide " because of the lack of political will to act (Shawcross, 2000). Two weeks after the massacre started, UN Security Council almost shut the w...

• Word Count: 1563
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... are attainable in such a culturally diverse world. I argue that with increased dialogue and understanding between states that a minimal level of ethical standards can be reached for the greater good of society. One of the arguments made against the concept of human rights is that it comes from a politically liberal outlook. This outlook is generally accepted in western democracies and in some ... cannot be resolved equitably for lack of a common or shared rule of judgement that would be applicable to both cases" (Benhabib p.29). This challenge of diverse cultural perspectives or cultural...

• Word Count: 793
• Approx Pages: 3
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... any progress for either the protestors or the government, demonstrators vowed to temporarily forego their demonstrations in honor of the Muslim holy month of Ramadan. The Syrian government quickly took advantage of the demonstrators' silence by ordering a military assault on the city of Hama, killing almost 100 Syrians over the span of a weekend. In light of the unprovoked violence, the United Nations Security Council ... met to discuss what action they would take, but Russia and China disagree with the majority. ... resolution. Kremlin officials in Moscow suggested that they might be r...

• Word Count: 528
• Approx Pages: 2
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... any progress for either the protestors or the government, demonstrators vowed to temporarily forego their demonstrations in honor of the Muslim holy month of Ramadan. The Syrian government quickly took advantage of the demonstrators' silence by ordering a military assault on the city of Hama, killing almost 100 Syrians over the span of a weekend. In light of the unprovoked violence, the United Nations Security Council ... met to discuss what action they would take, but Russia and China disagree with the majority. ... resolution. Kremlin officials in Moscow suggested that they might be r...

• Word Count: 528
• Approx Pages: 2
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... elements played a huge role in the country's famine, the militia multiplied the effects by taxing the general public in Somali on food and other goods. In fact, this militia denies that Somalia is even suffering from a famine, but the United Nations has revealed the extreme condition of the country to outsiders. Today, the death toll reaches as high as tens of thousands. Those that are able to ... walk - typically not the elderly or the very young - seek refuge in neighboring countries. Kenya welcomes about 1,300 Somalis everyday, while ... steep Islamic tax on crops sold in markets, ...

• Word Count: 518
• Approx Pages: 2
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate