... not only the fulfilling of a target, but the over fulfilling, and not doing so was a sign of apathy to the revolution. Because of this, targets were very rarely reached and it would be easy to assume that the five-year plans were a failure, when so few targets were met. However, the achievements of the five-year plans were incredibly ... peasant land owners into collective farms the Soviet Union provided an agricultural backbone to feed its industrialisation whilst preventing famine from ever reoccurring in Russia. It also helped the communist party generally by massively increasing the...

• Word Count: 5589
• Approx Pages: 22
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... is an analysis of the Cultural Revolution typical of the earlier historiographical phases. Along similar lines, and in the Marxist Tradition, Leftist writer and co-founder of Worker's World Party, Sam Marcy, interprets the Cultural Revolution as an inevitable social progression, a struggle against revisionism, and a triumph of Revolutionary progress over Political Reactionaries . His writings on the Cultural ... Revolution's instigation. By allowing for the partialities existing from the time a work was published, and those of the historian, and comparing a variety of sources, a happy me...

• Word Count: 4647
• Approx Pages: 19
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... according to need. Some conceptions of communist societies assume that, ultimately, coercive government would be unnecessary and therefore that such a society would be without rulers. Until the ultimate stages are reached, however, communism involves the abolition of private property by a revolutionary movement; responsibility for meeting public needs is then vested in the state (Daniels 177). As a concept of an ideal ... of czarist rule simply disintegrated and was swept away. It was succeeded, after a lengthy period of political upheaval, by the Bolshevik faction of Russian Marxism-lat...

• Word Count: 6851
• Approx Pages: 27
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the abdication of the Qing emperor in return for his own appointment as president of the republic. Also in 1912, a new revolutionary party was formed. This party, called the Guomindang, believed in parliamentary democracy and the principle of electing the officials. Because Yuan disagreed with GMD's ideas, he ... pursued. This was because the landlords and the warlords were cruelly taking advantage of the people, making their life miserable. Democracy, which he never reached, was no issue for Chiang, due to lack of basics in such a political leadership. He never gave the people a right ...

• Word Count: 3218
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... from the Enver Hoxha University at Tiranë though the streets of the capital shouting slogans and demanding an end to dictatorship. By December 11, the number of participants had reached almost 3,000. In an effort to quell the student unrest, which had led to clashes with riot police, Alia met with the students and agreed to take further steps toward ... outbreak of an all-out civil war, President Berisha appointed a Socialist, Bashkim Fano, to lead a government of national reconciliation. He also promised new legislative elections in June 1997. The Socialist Party won control of the asse...

• Word Count: 2285
• Approx Pages: 9
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the basis of merits. Under a form of socialism and a mixed virtual economy, a form of Crony' capitalism has emerged (Salsman, R., 2000). From modest beginnings at the Twenty-Seventh Party Congress in 1986, perestroika, Mikhail Gorbachev's program of economic, political, and social restructuring, became the unintended catalyst for dismantling what had taken nearly three-quarters of a century to erect: ... republics and formed the Commonwealth of Independent States. In 1992 Yeltsin removed price controls and started a policy of rapid denationalisation and privatisation. Economic inflation ...

• Word Count: 3517
• Approx Pages: 14
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... according to need. Some conceptions of communist societies assume that, ultimately, coercive government would be unnecessary and therefore that such a society would be without rulers. Until the ultimate stages are reached, however, communism involves the abolition of private property by a revolutionary movement; responsibility for meeting public needs is then vested in the state (Daniels 177). As a concept of an ideal ... czarist rule simply disintegrated and was swept away. It was succeeded, after a lengthy period of political upheaval, by the Bolshevik faction of Russian Marxism "later...

• Word Count: 2983
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the white movement, a movement from within, a movement from abroad, but in all cases a civil war. Without Lenin's decisive leadership the Bolshevik party would not have been able to cling to power during 1920 and 1921. The Kronstadt mutiny is an example Christopher Read uses to justify the lengths ... to make up the '100 year gap' as Stalin termed it. With Lenin's Death in 1924 Stalin (after a political battle for the party) took on the responsibility of seeing Lenin's vision of a economically strong communist Russia through. Like Lenin, Stalin was willing to use Terror, force ... ...

• Word Count: 1841
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... their highest state of readiness. Soviet field commanders in Cuba were authorized to use tactical nuclear weapons if invaded by the U.S. Fortunately, the leaders reached a compromise, but this was the true height of the cold war and it was truly the dividing moment between the US and USSR. Khrushchev ... modernized. Perestroika In the mid-1980s, faced by a slowdown in economic growth rates, the Central Committee of the CPSU reached the conclusion that the economic management system of the Soviet Union had become incompatible with the nation's level of development. The Central Committee's...

• Word Count: 2365
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

When the Manifesto of the Communist Party was published on the eve of the February Revolution of 1848 in Paris, it's main author, Karl Marx, was convinced that Western Europe was on the ... Marx insisting that they drop this form and create a Manifesto. Though every modern edition of the Manifesto carries the names of Marx and Engels, the text that reached London in time for the second congress of the Communist League was written by Karl Marx alone(Wheen 119). The document is divided into four sections with prefaces for ... class, and the increasing poverty of workers would spark a successful...

• Word Count: 1492
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... become part of the European Union. Romania unfortunately falls under the category of an unsuccessful state in its transition to democracy. This is not to say however that Romania hasn't reached a democratic government, but the transition and levels of democracy differ somewhat, from a successful' state e.g. Poland. Historically, Romania has never been able to make any significant progress towards democracy. ... former communists dominated the government until 1996, when they were swept from power by a fractious coalition of centrist parties. Currently, the social democratic party forms ...

• Word Count: 3450
• Approx Pages: 14
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... markets to generate income, and in 1993-94, the local governments in Tatarstan and Yakutia sought economic decentralization in Russia by refusing to pay federal taxes. Consequently, an agreement reached between the federal government and the republics gave the latter what they wanted: increased economic autonomy (Drobizheva). Of paramount importance is the economic and political realities facing both Moscow ... that characterized the state socialist system. But the separation between the public and private sphere is not clearly defined in Russian society. The penetration and coercivenes...

• Word Count: 1866
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... of freedom, but an old and historical one: "The communal relationship into which the individuals of a class entered, and which was determined by their common interests over and against a third party, was always a community to which these individuals belonged only as average individuals, only in so far as they lived within the conditions of existence of their class---a relationship in which ... productive forces and forms of intercourse have developed so far that, under the domination of private property, they have become destructive forces, and because the contradiction between the clas...

• Word Count: 2213
• Approx Pages: 9
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... him according to his abilities, to him according to his needs." But this did not happen in the Soviet Union. Since Stalin was the sole party leader he controlled all means of production but he did not distribute the goods evenly. This led to widespread famine and starvation which was just one ... everyone was an angel, it must be expected that people will take advantage of the system. Another concern is the power a communist society allows one party complete control. It has been said that, "absolute power corrupts absolutely" and so far this has been evident in such nations as the Sovie...

• Word Count: 1453
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... names. In East Germany (now part of the united Federal Republic of Germany), for example, the name adopted by the merged Communist and Social Democratic parties was the Socialist Unity party. The modern socialist movement, as distinguished from communism, had its origin largely in the revisionist movement of the late 19th century ." (Colton 2002) The worsening condition of the proletariat and ... the revolutionary confrontation between proletariat and the capitalist is inevitable and from that encounter the former will emerge as victorious. Finally, he assumes "that once the state of co...

• Word Count: 5382
• Approx Pages: 22
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... became detached from their nations traditional ideologies. Their growing power caused a cry to come from below for the restoration of the old order, for discipline and moral regulation. Social formation reached the worst crisis point for two decades - some would argue, nearly a century. The conservatives in the 70's tried to renovate the social formation of a society fraught with class battles. Heath ... celebrated. Were they celebrating the violence of the masses, or were they commemorating the deaths of their Royal family and nobility? Opinions vary. Either way, it was a good excuse f...

• Word Count: 1180
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Krechetovka Station" and "For the Good of the Cause." But that was the end of it. On 14 of October 1964 Khruschev was freed from his duties as the Communist Party Secretary General by the Politburo and the thaw was over. This state of affairs affected Solzhenitsyn's status immediately: in late 1964 all his works including the manuscript of The First ... didn't even remember which hand you cross yourself with."[14] Western Ukraine had been annexed rec ently by the Soviet Union, and that is why the Western Ukrainians had not reached the level of dehumanization of the Russians who had been...

• Word Count: 4394
• Approx Pages: 18
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate