... shown that they achieve solid results with regards to keeping offenders in treatment, reducing drug use and recidivism, and saving jail and prison costs (Berman 132). The most authoritative review of drug courts is a meta-analysis done by Columbia University's National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse. They looked at 59 evaluations covering 48 drug courts. They found ... future research and policy decisions. In a report by the Government Accountability Office (GAO), evidence is presented that clearly shows problem-solving courts produce their intended outcomes. This report looked ...

• Word Count: 4011
• Approx Pages: 16
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... with political forces to reject the rehabilitative ideal in favor of a "justice model " that limited correctional officials' discretion with offenders and instituted determinate sentencing. A pessimistic 1974 review of program evaluations in juvenile and criminal justice systems buttressed the pendulum swing from treatment to punishment. Some analysts warned of a coming generation of juvenile "superpredators." Although ... political scientist warned of a coming generation of juvenile "superpredators " (DiIulio, 1995a) who would become a "new breed " of cold-blooded murderers (DiIulio, 19...

• Word Count: 2448
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the closest execution has ever come to being illegal was back in 1972, when the Supreme Court, in its 5-4 decision Furman vs. Georgia, struck down the capital punishment statutes of 39 states. Even then, although the court ruled that the death penalty violated the Eighth Amendment's prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment, it emphasized that it was only illegal in the ... . Bedau & Radelet, both opponents, "consistently presented incomplete and misleading accounts of the evidence." (Markman, Stephen J. & Cassell, Paul G., "Protecting the Innocent: A Response to the Bedau-Radelet Study...

• Word Count: 2839
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... run a scared straight program that I could find on the internet, but in 2001, a report by Aos and colleagues estimated that it was $51 per participant to run a juvenile awareness program (Wilson 2012). As of 2011, the Federal government refuses to give any monetary donations to any Scared Straight program or program with a similar framework. After a few big studies had come out ... very surprising. It showed that youth that participated in the programs were more likely to engage in criminal activity by 1 to 30 percent, with an average increase of 13 percent (Wilson 2012). Mark Lipsey, o...

• Word Count: 1578
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... mandatory sentencing, less judicial discretion, and less chance of early parole. Some legislatures feel that three strike laws have stricter penalties that will reduce crimes, and will reduce judicial discretion (Wilson,2000). Today, a total of 40 states have laws that lengthen the sentences of repeat criminals. Twenty-six of the 40 states, as well as the federal government, have specifically ... Amendment, which says, "Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted." Misdemeanors can be the basis for an indeterminate life ...

• Word Count: 2028
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... in the community and that this helps them acquire self-discipline and self-reliance that they lose by being in prison (Vass 1979, p.39). Community corrections were deemed a cheaper and more safe, secure and humane (http://www.pc.gov.au/gsp/2003/chapter07.pdf) alternative to ... with their families, and to sustain a job with the hope of helping them to grow out of crime into responsible citizens (Vass 1990, p.39; Tomasic and Dobinson 1979 p.61). In short, prisons are undesirable and should be reserved for only the most serious offenders. Community is desirable ... so should be used as a ...

• Word Count: 2402
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... viable alternatives to prison with the introduction of enhanced Probation Orders, Community Service Orders and the formation of the Custody Probation Order. The most cursory glance at studies by Kerr & Wilson, Kershaw and many other academics illustrate that the prison experience by no means is a solution to the crime problem. Merely a state of suspended animation in which to place offenders, a state ... in which they evidently become better criminals, drug addicts, hardened and ready to re-offend when released. Kerr & Wilson's evidence showing a 49% re-conviction rate [substantially lo...

• Word Count: 2567
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

ABSTRACT The following is the book review detailed from the eyes and mind of Michael Santos, a former Seattle Drug dealer who got caught up and is serving 45 years of prison due to his actions. Realizing the ... he utilizes the a variety of methods that would normally be used for research, such as one-on-interviews, participant observations that were written and notated in a journalistic fashion, and the review of official federal transcripts and cases involving prisoners along with correctional facility officers as well. Santos also had to confirm the validity and the accuracy of the prison...

• Word Count: 2785
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... behavior in prison. The proper steps that she provides are: staff training, intake screening and assessment, communication, housing, increased levels of supervision, intervention, reporting, and the follow-up and administrative review. Utilizing this program can highly reduce the risk of suicide in prison. Daniel seems to have a broader outlook in preventing suicide in any correctional facility. He provides many strategies that ... quite well and other prisons seem to use this program as a standard. It's a six-step program which involves: Staff training, intake screening/assessment, hou...

• Word Count: 2076
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... life imprisonment or death are decided - The court must consider aggravating and mitigating circumstances in relation to both the crime and the offender. - The death sentence must be subject to review by the highest State court of appeals to ensure that the penalty is in proportion to the gravity of the offense and is imposed even-handedly under State law. By ... others are transferred to criminal court. These offenders face a variety of sentencing patterns, depending primarily on State law, the local and national political climate, and the skills of defense counsel. A review of individ...

• Word Count: 2175
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... someone to house arrest rather than a prison sentence. The average cost to taxpayers to support an inmate is $65.29 per day; the daily cost for house arrest is a mere $9.39. Plus those sentenced to house arrest are forced to pay fees to help compensate for the costs of maintaining their house arrest. With about sixty-one percent of current inmates ... ...

• Word Count: 710
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... and Dufour 1998) Yet, females are not non-existent in the criminal justice system because the number of women in State prisons grew 75% from 1986 to 1991, reaching almost 39,000 by mid 1991. At that time female offenders had risen from 4.7 % in 1986 to 5.2 % of prisoners in 1991 (Snell, 1994). Thus the knowledge that gender differences in crime should ... ...

• Word Count: 1540
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... balance in society will remain upset until the killer's life is also taken. They suggest that they are showing outrage for taking a life by taking the life of another (Jacoby 39). Opponents, however, argue that modern supporters of capital punishment no longer view the death penalty as a deterrent, but just as a punishment for the crime. The motives behind the death penalty ... ...

• Word Count: 1759
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... that 62.1% of respondents were White, 19.7% were Black, 6.1% were Native American, 5.3% were Hispanic, 1.5% were Asian, and 5.3% were Other/Missing. Statewide racial norms reflected the following percentages: White, 52.3%; Black, 39.1%; Native American, 1.6%; Hispanic, 6.2%; and Asian, 0.8%. Although data are not available for all of the participants, 70 of the male inmates' surveys were categorized by method of administration into levels of ... ...

• Word Count: 5169
• Approx Pages: 21
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... . Capital Punishment was abolished from all Australian states by the year 1985 (Appendix 1), however it is still practised in many other countries around the world. The death penalty exists in 39 of the United States of America, most of Africa, many countries in Europe, most countries in Asia, and most of the Middle East. A total of 95 countries worldwide retain the ... ...

• Word Count: 1819
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... system. A recent case of inequality involves children. Prisons that house females have two facilities for pregnant women. One facility can house 25 mothers and infants; the other one can house 39 mothers and infants and 9 pregnant inmates. Although males cannot bare children, there is no such program for fathers who want to be with their children. In one case, a CNN journalist ... ...

• Word Count: 715
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the Houston Chronicle, overall recidivism rates for the following states are: • California-58.8 percent • New York-51.8 percent • Texas-40.8 percent • Illinois-40.1 percent • Florida-39.5 percent (Kimberly, 2002) When compared to these rates, Missouri's recidivism rates are considerably lower at 5 percent for probationers and parolees who have completed their respective programs successfully and 21 percent ... ...

• Word Count: 2049
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... study will involve the use of interviews and questionnaires among appraised penitentiary officers and inmates. Lastly, the study shall have an investigation based on the findings of the research. CHAPTER 2: Review of Literature Detailed documentation of previous studies related to the topic of investigation CHAPTER 3: Methodology Quantitative and qualitative research techniques are the two main sets of research methods. Nevertheless, the ... ...

• Word Count: 1783
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... nature of death penalty arguments in six specific areas: deterrence, incapacitation, caprice and bias, cost, innocence, and retribution. After reviewing recent changes in public opinion regarding the death penalty, we review the findings of social science research pertinent to each of these issues. These excessive and auspicious requests are pointless. When somebody is sentenced to death, the procedure ought to be ... ...

• Word Count: 2273
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... on kids' associations with parental figures and detained folks. Discoveries in regards to the project assessment and kids' associations with guides are fore coming (Shlafer, Poehlmann, Coffino, & Hanneman, 2009). Literature Review Past examination has observed that school-age children respond to parental detainment with feelings of sadness, shame, and behavior issues(Thompson & Harm, 1995). These mental demonstrations develop amid the little ... ...

• Word Count: 1714
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... a well trained staff, recognizing potential threats, access control, transporting prisoners, searching inmates, and securing the institution to keep prisoners in and to keep society out. The third priority is to review the effectiveness of individual's staff members as well as the effectiveness of the correctional team as a whole. Failures in security have led to the prison breaks and increased assault not ... ...

• Word Count: 570
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... . (Human Rights Watch 2009). On arrest, blacks are more likely to remain in prison awaiting trial than whites. For example, the New York state division of criminal justice did a 1995 review of disparities in processing arrests and found that in some parts of New York blacks are 33% more likely to be detained awaiting trial than whites. Once arrested, 80% of ... ...

• Word Count: 2307
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... health status monitor that could detect a dramatic change in the acoustics of a person's heartbeat and respiration [10]. Threats to security, response procedures, new technologies, and emergency preparedness are under continual review and assessment at all facilities. There are a huge number of security measures available for the use by prisons and their officers, as well as many more that will arise in ... ...

• Word Count: 2157
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... contest between the two as to what happened. The prison setting magnifies this power disparity, and women prisoners have no ability to escape from the abuse (William and Mary Law Review: Amy Laderberg) A lot of the women inmates have come to accept the reality that there is really no way to avoid sexual abuse. They also fear that they will receive ... ...

• Word Count: 939
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... support continuing with our current systems. I believe the rest of the nation needs to follow Governor Ryan's example and declare a national moratorium on all death row cases, until we can review the system and correct the problems leading to innocent people being convicted. Some of the underlying causes that lead to innocent individuals being sentenced to die include perjured or coerced ... ...

• Word Count: 2477
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate