... October Revolution itself, he was shortly thereafter appointed, by Lenin, to the position of People's Commissar for Nationalities within the new Bolshevik government. Stalin's job was, basically, to manage relations between the various ethnic groups of the former Russian Empire and to develop some sort of coherent policy toward the questions of national secession and civil rights. On November 15, Stalin ... revealed the Decree on Nationality, which stated that the new Bolshevik government would treat all ethnic minorities within the Soviet sphere equally, and would respect ... incorpora...

• Word Count: 7507
• Approx Pages: 30
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... October Revolution itself, he was shortly thereafter appointed, by Lenin, to the position of People's Commissar for Nationalities within the new Bolshevik government. Stalin's job was, basically, to manage relations between the various ethnic groups of the former Russian Empire and to develop some sort of coherent policy toward the questions of national secession and civil rights. On November 15, Stalin ... revealed the Decree on Nationality, which stated that the new Bolshevik government would treat all ethnic minorities within the Soviet sphere equally, and would respect ... incorpora...

• Word Count: 7028
• Approx Pages: 28
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... threatened by inter-state, and political tensions. Refugees were forced to the peripheral borders of neighboring European countries as the European states struggle to avoid direct responsibility for the Russian refugees who were regarded as danger to national security. The consequences were that of chaos and helplessness in the face of this mass refugee movement and crisis. State ... financial constraint notwithstanding, Nansen produced what was to be an international travel document for refugees called a "Nansen passport." These passports came in handy to assist in helping the Russian r...

• Word Count: 4488
• Approx Pages: 18
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... rise to a number of notions concerning the superiority of certain races over others and strengthened the argument for eugenics, where society or the government should intervene to assure the procreation of the strong in order to produce the "superman." Although these ideas were rather extreme, they did ... for foreign affairs, offers a sound summation of what the fifth point entails: Demand No. 5 might mean that the Austro-Hungarian Government were to be entitled to appoint officials who should have authority in Servian territory and this would hardly be consistent with the maintenance o...

• Word Count: 5871
• Approx Pages: 23
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... drastically changed and revolutionized their countries, but Hitler's work proved to be better for his country than Stalin's work. In Stalin's Russia, his regime of totalitarianism controlled every aspect of Russian society. Skepticism, differing thoughts, or criticism of the government were not tolerated because they went against the beliefs of the sole political party in the USSR. In fact, no ... Russian citizen could leave the country without special government permission. It was a true totalitarian regime because of the lack of labor union and lack of free speech or press. He further...

• Word Count: 2251
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... deepened with conflicts during the war. Stalin urged Churchill and Roosevelt to open a second front. The U.S. did not open a second front in Western Europe early enough; millions of Russian soldiers died fighting the Nazi armies alone until mid-1994. Stalin alleged that the Western allies were deliberately holding back a second front to weaken the Soviet Union. The Stalin Hitler ... originally wished to merely enlarge the committee by offering offices to a few exiled and formerly prominent Polish citizens. Both the American and British delegations wanted to establish a new provisional go...

• Word Count: 3287
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... to the Bolshevik Central Committee. It was at this time that he adopted the name "Stalin," meaning "steel one." In 1917, the Russian Revolution toppled the Tsarist government. From March until November of that year, Russia was ruled by a Provisional Government, which made plans for a democratically elected assembly. A number of miscalculations, however, along with the strain of continuing the war with Germany ... wealthiest peasants. But the kulaks were essentially a figment of Marxist propaganda (there existed no real difference between these "wealthiest" peasants and all other peasants)...

• Word Count: 5151
• Approx Pages: 21
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... by Austrian intervention, for she would not have the access to the sea that she desired. Defiantly, Serb army units occupied parts of Albania. Though Russian public opinion was in support of Serbia's ambitions, the Russian government, chastened by firm German support of Austria even to the point of war, refused to come to her aid. Accordingly, an Austrian ultimatum forced Serbia ... the recent territorial aggrandizement of Serbia allay their concern for the preservation of the unwieldy and troubled multi-ethnic Austro-Hungarian empire. Austria from the outset regarded the Serbian governm...

• Word Count: 2434
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... mass arrests of Muslim leaders [Chr08]. The Mujahedeen, consisting of a variety of Muslim guerrilla fighters, declared jihad, or holy war, on the Amin government and its supporters. This included Russia, who had a small number of forces in the country to help support the pro-modernization of Afghanistan. The ... put a man named Babrak Karmal in charge of the Afghan government. His job, and his life depended on the fact that he had to keep Soviet Ideals in place, and that he allow the Russian military to support him and his government. Later that month the Soviet Union, under the command ...

• Word Count: 946
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... German underestimation of their enemy's strength played a crucial role in their eventual downfall. Whilst Soviet manpower supremacy was not in itself determinative, their vast quantitative advantage did facilitate Russian shock tactics, allowing them to overwhelm isolated German divisions. Their large numbers afforded them a continuous front off attack, denying the Germans time to regroup. Despite suffering 1.2 million ... that of non-workers, giving many the choice of work or starvation . Weather On October 2nd 1941 German troops marched on Moscow, with only 90,000 Russian soldiers defe...

• Word Count: 2415
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... pressure that the Austrian government faced to rid the pan Slavism that burdened and aggravated the country to a great extent. Russia's domestic troubles are the prominent of all. From the beginnings of the 1880s Russia was in a state of unrest and this state of unrest was never resolved; it only intensified, perhaps leading to the Russian's strong involvement in ... the Sarajevo crisis and initiation of World War I. The increasing Russian peasant demands preoccupied the Russian government while populism, Marxism, and Bolshevism arose to try to spark a revolution. In 1912 the Bolshevik p...

• Word Count: 1892
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... war. Another resource which France lacked was people; for reasons which remain unclear its population growth was far outstripped by Germany's. The recovery of Alsace and Lorraine, which the French government regarded as essential, was not fully supported by Britain because of uncertainly about weather the inhabitants wished to be French or German. On the restoration of Belgium, the allies were ... domestic conflict in the pre-war years. For a time at least, British trade unionists, suffragettes and Ulstermen, national groups within Austria-Hungary, French anti-militarists, German social...

• Word Count: 1894
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... individuals. In theory, such societies provide for equal sharing of all work, according to ability, and all benefits, according to need. Some conceptions of communist societies assume that, ultimately, coercive government would be unnecessary and therefore that such a society would be without rulers. Until the ultimate stages are reached, however, communism involves the abolition of private property by a revolutionary movement; ... of the war effort, the antiquated mechanism of czarist rule simply disintegrated and was swept away. It was succeeded, after a lengthy period of political up...

• Word Count: 2983
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... difficult process, is it economic stability, military stability or feeling of safety for the citizens of the state as well as the government. If the government feels unthreatened from external forces then it can turn its attention to pressing domestic problems, which may cause increased stability within the ... global community would find it prudent if India adhered to the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), it would also bring their government several advantages. For instance, adhering would ease international pressures spearheaded by the United States, Great Britain, and Fran...

• Word Count: 2631
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... 1 of 4 Sons who lived of Vissarion a shoemaker and an alcoholic and Tekaterina a washer. Joseph spoke only Georgian until he was 8, when he learned to speak Russian. His mother who was very religious sent Joseph to a church school. In 1894 Joseph won a scholarship to the theological seminary in Tbilisi where he studied Religion, geography ... Lenin's cause so Lenin appointed Joseph to work for his cause by raising money for the Bolsheviks by any means necessary this involved robbing banks and government money. Lenin broke away from the social democrats in 1912 and started his own party kn...

• Word Count: 1072
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... be aggravated. In 1905, just like in 1917, there were widespread strikes preceding the revolution as the people manifested their discontent with their country's government. These strikes had the power of showing that the Tsar was losing authority over the country and, more importantly, it stopped the country from functioning ... Tsar's rule after the revolt. One important fact which did not exist in 1905 was the Tsarina's relationship with Rasputin which, most of the Russian people regarded as an evil force working in their country. Therefore when the Tsar left for war leaving the Tsarina...

• Word Count: 984
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... , this Congress ignored the demands for greater democracy and nationalism, which gave rise to the majority of conflicts in the Nineteenth Century, between and within countries. These include Lord Liverpool's government not being allowed to reform in Britain, 1848 Liberal Nationalist Revolutions all throughout Europe, and most importantly, Sarejevo in 1914. By the very early 1900's, the emergence of new nations ... such events as the Anglo-German Naval Race, nerves were considerably frayed and this caused several bad decisions on the parts of certain world leaders. As in many countries, t...

• Word Count: 3275
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... is a tendency in the west to place the whole responsibility on the shoulders of the Soviet Union. However, I should mention that the US government could not simply accept the fact that a country could exist with economic and political principles so critically opposed to democracy and industrial capitalism. Therefore, ... peace treaty with the Germans at Brest-Litovsk on very unfavourable terms, giving up 1/3 of the population and 1/3 of the productive lands of the Russian Empire - including the Baltic States, Finland and some territory of Ukraine. Shortly afterwards the first troops of ...

• Word Count: 1778
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the term ˜transitional economy' was coined. Economic liberalisation in Russia was initiated by Boris Yeltsin who was given special power by the Russian parliament to carry out reforms by decree. The process of economic reforms had already been continuing for more than twenty years by then. ... bring what many Chicago School economists had hoped for. Rather than improving productivity through market competition as liberal economics suggests, the new owners of Russian SOEs set up a parallel private firm to the SOEs they own and made profits by buying goods at a capped official price and ....

• Word Count: 1874
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... on Austria-Hungary for the outbreak of WW I. Austria-Hungary naturally harbored a fear of Russia and seemed to operate under the expectation that a Russian clash was as inevitable as a Serbian clash. Meanwhile, it seems that Russia, too, feared that Austria (with the backing of Germany) would ... draw them into armed conflict. The height of those concerns coincided with the winds of revolution beginning to blow across the Russian nation. The Tsar, born into leadership, may not have been prepared or capable of dealing with the extreme nature of the brewing situation. ... group responsibl...

• Word Count: 1352
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... 70,000 villages, burning and demolishing 6,000,000 buildings. This resulted in 25,000,000 citizens being deprived of shelter during the harsh Russian winter. The Germans demolished 31,850 industrial enterprises. The Soviet railway system was totally crippled as 65,000 kilometers of railway track and 4, ... coal mines and 3,000 oil wells, carrying back to Germany 14,000 steam boilers, 1,400 turbines and 11,300 electric generators. The Russian population was left starving, as an immense amount of damage was done to the Soviet Unions agricultural capabilities: 98,000 collective farms and 2...

• Word Count: 5160
• Approx Pages: 21
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Iran. President Truman then made a rather offensive statement to the Soviet Union claiming them to be just like Hitler's regime was, "There isn't any difference between the totalitarian Russian government and the Hitler government they are all alike. They are police governments- police state governments" Such claims may be true, but the United States should have respected the diversity of politics. This ... 1949 they too had the nuclear capability to launch a weapon with the same devastating power. Much of this technology was retained through the use of western spies located with the go...

• Word Count: 1988
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... for three times by the West: initially by Germany during the WWI, then by those who helped the Whites during the Russian Civil War, and finally by the Nazi German again during the WWII. Every time the losses from the Russian were considerable, but the losses during the WWII were unprecedented, which required Stalin to make sure that this kind of ... endured, and this prompted Stalin to approve the 'percentages agreement'. However, according to Phillips et al. (2009), similar to Churchill, Stalin's obsession with security was difficult for the USA government where the Americans viewe...

• Word Count: 1594
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... 1947. His conclusion was that "the main element of any United States policy toward the Soviet Union must be that of a long-term patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies. Containment provided a conceptual framework for a series of successful initiatives undertaken from 1947 to 1950 to blunt Soviet expansion. Given the innate hostility of the Soviet Union ... and settled upon a policy of "containing "Russian expansionism." The central theme in much of traditionalist historiography was an ideological one: the United States, confronted by an implacably hostil...

• Word Count: 1800
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... 1941" that was drafted up by Roosevelt and Churchill on August 4th, 1941. According to the "Atlantic Charter," every nation could choose its own form of government, thus, if Japan were to surrender based on these terms, they would be able to retain the emperor, their God (Alperovitz). However, when the United ... renew its existing Neutral Pact with Japan and would enter the war on the Allied side. So another alternative could have been to await the Russian entry into the war as an American ally. According to the War Department's Military Intelligence Division, the entry of Russia into ...

• Word Count: 3760
• Approx Pages: 15
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate