... with particular qualities that became idealized for all Soviet citizens. Leon Trotsky claimed, "Man will make it his purpose to master his own feelings, to raise his instincts to the height of consciousto create a higher social biologic type a superman." The New Soviet citizen upheld a Nietzschean-like disposition ... in Dasha, another aspect of the ideal Soviet person is the ability to be selflessly devoted to the greater cause of communism. The New Soviet should be able to sacrifice personal aspects of his or her life in order to further fuel the proletariat spirit with the hope of a ...

• Word Count: 3036
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the nuclear capability of countries is at the foreground of debate, some countries possess weapons of mass destruction a thousand times more powerful than the atomic bombs dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the most notorious of which are the USA and the ... goal of arms control, the fact that an area or country is free from the threat of arms isn't evidence to the stability of that country or the international system as a whole. How do to measure stability is a difficult process, is it economic stability, military stability or feeling of safety for the citizens of...

• Word Count: 2631
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... in less than half a century. Industrialisation was the primary goal of Lenin and Stalin, as well as many communist party members. The Soviet economy had made advances under Lenin's semi-capitalist N.E.P with its slight capitalist elements, but Stalin's five-year plans were far more ambitious and so far riskier. Did the Soviet Union need to industrialise so quickly and radically or was it ... plans produced a population that was mostly proletariat and in this supportive of communism and its aims. Similarly, another aim of the five year plans had been to remove the Nepmen, or private busi...

• Word Count: 5589
• Approx Pages: 22
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Why did Stalin become Leader of the Soviet Union by 1929? Stalin's rise to power can either be seen as being because of his personal merits, because of other's errors, or a mixture of the two. This essay will be looking at facts to make a conclusion on how Stalin had become the leader of the Soviet Union by 1929. It will describe who Josef Stalin was ... this, Stalin was trusted by Lenin, possibly because of the fact that Stalin was, more often than not, inclined to agree with him. This could be seen as a sign of weakness, or that he was simply trying to keep his head in the game by being clo...

• Word Count: 3761
• Approx Pages: 15
• Grade Level: High School

... capitalist virtues. Decision- making is centralized and a hierarchical structure is evident. Individuals respond according to the authorities. Ownership is public and incentives can be material or moral with the latter having greater importance in relation to the good of the state rather than that of an individual. It is clear that the characteristics of organizational structure, coordination of ... general outcomes of economic systems. However, it is more imperative that I compare economic outcomes to economic systems to evaluate the relationship between the two. Organization in economi...

• Word Count: 4711
• Approx Pages: 19
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... for sustainable development."" The strong correlation now established between the communist ideal and the environmental ideal, it is time to examine existing evidence of whether or not these two ideals have met, and under what conditions. Cuba's case is taken as an example of communism ... subsequent "development-, forced Cuba to adopt new forms of production that placed greater importance on opportunity cost, which took a radically different form once it became part of a greater nation than itself, the communist nation. This "Special Period- became a race against starvation, a race to t...

• Word Count: 3463
• Approx Pages: 14
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... powerful nations could no longer feel their future was secure. The nations of the world needed something larger than themselves - not a unilaterally powerful world government, but a council of sovereign nations that would intervene in ... over a black majority. The government of South Africa eventually would agree in 1993 to allow black South African's equal rights and an equal voice in their country's future. Multiracial elections would be held in April 1994 ... to combine the peace efforts of the North and South. But how can one make the Massai, or the peasants in the Andes, understand ...

• Word Count: 5612
• Approx Pages: 22
• Grade Level: High School

... that Ethel Rosenberg was completely innocent, besides knowing of her husbands involvement with the Soviet Union. There is countless evidence to prove Ethel's innocence. The main examples are her unmentioned name in the Venona Cables, the disallowing bad health of herself and her children, the claims of ... did not change. The FBI's lever wasn't working. Now the government could not back out of their arrest, and Ethel had to be prosectued as an equal accomplice in the espinonage conspiracy. As the trials went on, Hoover, tarnished by his guilt of wrongdoing, opposed Ethel's execution. ......

• Word Count: 3028
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography

Communism and Democracy Communism, a concept or system of society in which the major resources and means of production are owned by the community rather than by individuals. In theory, such societies provide for equal sharing of all work, according to ability, and all benefits, according to need. Some conceptions of communist societies assume that, ultimately, coercive government would be unnecessary and ... by command, not consent; it was a society administered in authoritarian fashion by a managerial bureaucracy, which in many ways was no less conservative, no closer to the people, than hug...

• Word Count: 6851
• Approx Pages: 27
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... greater examples of an exceptionalist attitude which would prove a more rounded use of the ideology. One of the main reasons for the Cold War starting was the fear of the spread of communism into a defeated and weak Germany, whereby the left wing ideology would have an anchor to spread into the west. Therefore I feel it is important to look at how ... levels of economic growth and standard of living. His vision was the 'global victory of socialism through superior living standards rather than military might'.47 This was a far cry away from the expansionalist and aggressive attitude ...

• Word Count: 4596
• Approx Pages: 18

... this dual analysis of the content and form of the major patterns of strategic geometry and their change over time from Cold War to post Cold War. In order to assess the usefulness of the concept of strategic geometry, we must first see how well the concept is expressed in the international relations of Asia. Firstly I will briefly outline the general strategic concerns ... the Sino-Soviet-US grouping with at least 4 possible configurations." One may just turn towards one actor in the system, or one player in the Strategic Quadrangle, to see the preoccupation with strategic geometry. As ...

• Word Count: 4761
• Approx Pages: 19
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... are cooperating with each other in a wide sphere such as economic problems, cultural exchange, human rights, etc. 'Euroregions' are interesting examples of 'cooperative relationship of municipalities across borders'. Although there are still high hurdles between the Western Europe and the Eastern Europe at the ... social security, education and culture, tourism, etc. More than 40 'Euroregions' are established in the whole Europe. Such cases are too numerous to mention1). Since these two megatrends are under way irrespective of whether we like or not, we should behave taking into our cons...

• Word Count: 3602
• Approx Pages: 14
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... it is the desire, the ambition of the United States to appear before the whole world as an aggressor. We would like to tell them to stop that noise with your weapons, stop the rattling, and wait until we have reasonable negotiations on equal terms.1 What reasonable human being wants war? For Walter Ulbricht to suggest above that the United States is merely a volatile hegemony ... with an itchy trigger finger seems remarkably lacking in insight and understanding of the precarious factors of the Cold War. Obviously, neither the United States nor the Soviet Union felt war to be necessary; ...

• Word Count: 2678
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: High School

... and proletariat have been established, it is possible to reconsider the communist ideal. Clearly, Marx believes that it is wrong for the majority of society, the proletariat, to suffer so. He believes that individuals should be equal, not divided into two distinct worlds. Marx describes ... their own grave-diggers monotony and slothfulness. John Clark and Aaron Wildavsky in their article "Chronicle of a Collapse Foretold: How Marx Predicted the Demise of Communism (Although he called it "capitalism) they assume that communism had been collapsing for a long time ... very cornerstone of ...

• Word Count: 5382
• Approx Pages: 22
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... America and the USSR. America was a democratic nation and the USSR was communist, so they were in conflict over how the world should be run politically. Moore defines a democracy as a, "government by the whole population, usu. through ... common benefit; political theory advocating this."" The Americans wanted for the people to have a say in what happened to them, whilst the Russians wanted to make everyone equal by controlling their lives. Anti-communist feelings rose up in America as ... this doctrine for two hundred years is illustrated by a century of literal human slavery and effe...

• Word Count: 2699
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography

... to a historical personality, issue or event -How has history been constructed and recorded over time? -Why have the approaches to the construction of history changed over time? This essay was originally to deal with debates regarding Soviet Russian history. This sphere of interest became more specific and eventually led to ... culture blocking communist progression, and threatening bourgeois reactionary revisionism. This upheaval lead to thousands or millions of deaths , the halt of education, the removal of the cadres in power, huge damage to the economy, a greater role of the military i...

• Word Count: 4647
• Approx Pages: 19
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the party became more powerful more protection was needed. They organized the "Storm Troops" or SA to defend its meetings and to disrupt the meeting of liberal democrats, socialists, communists, and trade unionists, and to prosecute Jews. Another aspect of the Nazi government is the fascist ideas of Italy. ... the Gestapo. The head of the Gestapo, who reported only to Hitler himself, was Heinrich Himmler. Hitler then created the "New Order," which would supposedly lead to industrialization and greater infrastructure. This new order enabled the Nazis to eliminate unemployment, provide Ger...

• Word Count: 3043
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... ever took up the cloak"(Mazzetti). It was considered a place where history and identity could disappear in an instant. Even after W.W.II, the Nazis still talked about wonder weapons and how they could get back at all of the Allies. In the 1950's, another issue polarized America and Russia. The Korean War was a major cause of the Cold War. North Korea ... fission bomb would explode creating extremely high -6- temperatures enabling the hydrogen to undergo a fusion reaction resulting in a heavier element and a burst of energy with a force 500 times greater than was released by the first fis...

• Word Count: 3726
• Approx Pages: 15
• Grade Level: High School

... of International Affairs explained in 1985: By opting out of the arms race and placing, or misplacing, its faith in the arms control process, it is argued that the United States enabled the Soviet Union not only to achieve strategic parity but, in certain respects at least, to attain a degree of superiority (Williams, par. 1). However, Nixon had a much larger picture in mind and ... 's détente ushered in a new paradigm in international relations. The rules had changed. In superpower competition, the Soviets now had to accept China as a player; and in some respects, due to their shared b...

• Word Count: 3059
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Communism and Democracy Communism, a concept or system of society in which the major resources and means of production are owned by the community rather than by individuals. In theory, such societies provide for equal sharing of all work, according to ability, and all benefits, according to need. Some conceptions of communist societies assume that, ultimately, coercive government would be unnecessary and therefore ... by command, not consent; it was a society administered in authoritarian fashion by a managerial bureaucracy, which in many ways was no less conservative, no closer to the people...

• Word Count: 2983
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... a gangster and felt that his requests were unreasonable, and would therefore, not oblige to them. By the end of 1945, a fundamental shift had formed a new American policy known as the Containment doctrine. Rather than "attempting to create a unified, open' world, the United States and its allies would work to contain' the threat of further Soviet expansion."" Truman felt that Eastern Europe had ... to remain open so the countries could elect their own governments. However, at this time, Poland was transforming ... Communist East, as Stalin had hoped. Instead of appeasing the tyrant, Tr...

• Word Count: 2810
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... these generals by their tactic sympathy for the Russian proletarians-comrades, this is a specific factor in our development, this tactic sympathy, which nobody hears or sees, but which decides everything-if it were not for this sympathy, we would not have nailed a single one of these generals. (Internet) ... Bogdan's [partisan band leader] detachment on the march would find it very difficult to know what to make of them. More than half the detachment are in German uniforms; some wear civilian suits, tailored somewhere in Rovno or Lutsk; there are some in Slavic and Polish uniform. The ba...

• Word Count: 2793
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... war between the forces of capitalism and socialism with capitalism triumphant. The development of the internet made possible the organisation of business on a global scale with greater facility than ever before. What are the costs and the benefits of free trade? Pro globalization International trade and investment have been the engines of world growth over the ... countries are not taking part in this information revolution and are falling further behind. How does globalization affect culture? Is it "Americanization"? It does not make sense to talk of a world of 6 billion people becoming...

• Word Count: 2555
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... . In the other waited a newly powerful, bashful, Soviet government who ran art through Tatlin and IZO and knew little about how to control the monster it had created. Malevich and the left argued "that art was essentially a spiritual activity, that its business was to order man's vision of the world". They claimed, "art is inevitably by its very nature, useless, superfluous, over and ... ' art form" (98). This argument took the stance that everything before being created by Malevich and the left was in fact non communist ideology and was nothing more than 'old' art. He insisted that Const...

• Word Count: 4641
• Approx Pages: 19
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... economic sphere much longer. "One of the principal reasons behind his call for far-reaching economic reform [was] the need to maintain and enhance the Soviet role in international affairs."(7) Consumer good levels were extremely low and without a hard currency or an economy to produce them, Gorbachev was at an economic standstill. A retooling of the budget was vital. The amount of the Soviet ... Conventional Forces Treaty, Soviet conventional forces in Europe were cut dramatically. The Soviets had long held a ground forces advantage, and agreed to reduce the levels of their troops and t...

• Word Count: 3267
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: Undergraduate