... own under foreign rule. Now under governance by U.S. Congress, Guamanians were given the privilege of local government. Guam's local politics are predominantly controlled by ethnic-Chamorros. Unfortunately for them and the United States., the Guamanians were led to believe that racially based policies were acceptable. Arnold Leibowitz speaks of the Insular Cases when he writes: At its ... security dependencies which the U.S. provides and encourage, though contrary to the principles of the U.S. Constitution. Conclusion The Micronesians (people of (Micronesia) have but two options availabl...

• Word Count: 2584
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: High School

... days. Furthermore, my notion of being "highly religious" was intensified when I spent a year in the U.S as an exchange student. I left my familiar fold and began exploring a (severely) religious life. I settled down in Oklahoma which is known to be one of the religious states in the "Bible Belt". Up to 60% of the population see themselves as being religious1, meaning they affiliate ... In 1689, Great Britain had passed a religious Act of Toleration, but this meant little for American colonies.4 In his Notes on the State of Virginia, Thomas Jefferson highlighted the fact that in 17th centu...

• Word Count: 3342
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... system. In McCulloch v. Maryland, the Court addressed the constitutionality of Maryland's taxing all notes not issued by her own state banks. Marshall, speaking for the entire Court, stated that the Bank of the United States, located in Maryland, was constitutional because Congress felt it necessary and proper for both levying and collecting taxes. "Let the end be legitimate," Marshall wrote, " ... authority. Given the choice between such starkly contrasting philosophies, the role of the Tenth Amendment has since been swaying back and forth. In Hammer v. Dagenhart, the Court struck down a...

• Word Count: 5600
• Approx Pages: 22
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... this year's case and Patterson, plaintiffs argued that making it particularly hard for some voters to prove their eligibility violates the Pennsylvania Constitution's guarantee of "free and equal" elections. The trial judge in the voter ID case shot down that argument. In language quoted directly from Patterson, he explained that elections "are free only to the qualified electors of the Commonwealth" and "the Legislature ... 25 percent of African American citizens lack valid identification, compared to only 8 percent of whites. "There are many citizens who don't have a driver's license or...

• Word Count: 2997
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... by the police, and if an Afro American had to go to court they will always lose. So one day a week, William Marshall would take Thurgood down to the local courthouses, to let Thurgood see how the Judicial System is run. In The fall of 1925, Thurgood Marshall went off to attend Lincoln ... from all over was asking about Thurgood Marshall. Thurgood join the NAACP, in 1934 as an assistant special counsel. The NAACP couldn't pay Thurgood so he worked for free. Thurgood developed a strategy to fight racial segregation throughout the United States. Thurgood would use The Constitution as a bibl...

• Word Count: 10466
• Approx Pages: 42
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... among the several states, and without any regard to census and enumeration." (United States constitution, Bill of Rights 16th Amendment). Simply put Libertarians believe taxes are coercive, slow the economy down, yield continual inflation, inhibit savings and enterprise, and should be eliminated. Today our government employs a multitude of different ways to rob its citizens of their earnings. Firstly, there is the ... only confuses the average tax payer but even professionals. According to "one recent Money Magazine study, 45 different professional tax preparers came up with 45 differen...

• Word Count: 7034
• Approx Pages: 28
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... among the several states, and without any regard to census and enumeration." (United States constitution, Bill of Rights 16th Amendment). Simply put Libertarians believe taxes are coercive, slow the economy down, yield continual inflation, inhibit savings and enterprise, and should be eliminated. Today our government employs a multitude of different ways to rob its citizens of their earnings. Firstly, there is the ... only confuses the average tax payer but even professionals. According to "one recent Money Magazine study, 45 different professional tax preparers came up with 45 differen...

• Word Count: 7038
• Approx Pages: 28
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... to that political year. It should be obvious that "soft money" is a growing problem and dare I say threat to our system and idea of "free" elections in the United States. I want to briefly discuss three aspects of "soft money" in financing political campaigns, and in that discussion touch on a ... . As these people receive monies and become elected to office the companies that contributed to that process want something back. A simple example would be for the newly elected official to push a certain idea or petition a less restrictive tax law, environmental law etc. to other members in th...

• Word Count: 2580
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... are therefore protected against unequal treatment on the basis of race, sex, and creed (Lund, Lynn J., Deland, Gary, Gallaher, Sharon, and Bowker, Gary.) Inmates have the right to be free, under the Eighth Amendment, from inhuman conditions because those conditions constitute "cruel and unusual" punishment. The term "cruel and unusual" was not defined at the time the Amendment was passed ... contain any illegal items or weapons, but may not censor portions of correspondence which they find merely inflammatory or rude. Inmates have the right to be free from racial segregation in prisons,...

• Word Count: 3147
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography

... the first African-American woman to deliver a public speech. She also published many of her speeches in Garrison's Liberator. Maria thought that free blacks weren't any better off than enslaved blacks. She promoted the education of blacks, and was convinced that education was key to achieving ... to join speeches with a famous runaway slave known as Fredrick Douglas. Through her efforts towards the Abolitionist cause, she inadvertently became a passionate spokeswoman for the Women's Movement and delivered her famous speech, "Ain't I a Woman?" Another connection between Abolitionism and th...

• Word Count: 2702
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... than it is more direct. This was the first court case that applied the Establishment Clause to state law and started an ongoing struggle for the Court to balance the needs of both the Establishment Clause and the Free Exercise Clause. However, the Supreme Court was incorrect with their ruling because they took a loose interpretation of the separation of church and state ... " clause" (Black). However, what Justice Black fails to realize, is that this loose interpretation of Establishment Clause, and therefore the Free Exercise Clause, is not valid. By giving the parents of students who a...

• Word Count: 3421
• Approx Pages: 14
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the first African-American woman to deliver a public speech. She also published many of her speeches in Garrison's Liberator. Maria thought that free blacks weren't any better off than enslaved blacks. She promoted the education of blacks, and was convinced that education was key to achieving ... to join speeches with a famous runaway slave known as Fredrick Douglas. Through her efforts towards the Abolitionist cause, she inadvertently became a passionate spokeswoman for the Women's Movement and delivered her famous speech, "Ain't I a Woman?" Another connection between Abolitionism and th...

• Word Count: 2704
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the Counsel on foreign Relations) is accomplishing its stated goals or objectives. Secondly, I will examine whether or not strategic plan is counterattacking its problems for which the policy was established. The story of the destruction of the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, does not begin on that ... on Foreign Relations. (CFR). This organization attracted people of power, wealth and influence. It enlisted politicians, people for the media, and big businessmen. The ultimate goal of the CFR was to break down all national boundaries and to establish a one-world government. Rea...

• Word Count: 3235
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: High School

... From 1940-1960s Thurgood's name became a main stayed within the Afro American Communities. Afro Americans from many cities would call upon Thurgood for his services. Thurgood would work for free, just to help and defend his people. Then in February 1955 Thurgood's wife Vivan became very ill from cancer, and she eventually ... , and if an Afro American had to go to court they will always lose. So one day a week, William Marshall would take Thurgood down to the local courthouses, to let Thurgood see how the Judicial System is run. In The fall of 1925, Thurgood Marshall went off to ... run ...

• Word Count: 3527
• Approx Pages: 14
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... who comprised the largest portion of the population, were low in literacy rate and wanted little to do with political matters but sought to free themselves from the ancient requirements of the feudal system and gain relative economic parity. Louis XVI was unable to collect the revenues necessary to ... start their rebellion and was unsure of what to do about it. He tried intimidating them with his army, then he tried coaxing them down and recognized their representative claims, and eventually fell silent and just sat back and watched. As the nobility and aristocracy, realizing the threat...

• Word Count: 4395
• Approx Pages: 18
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... where British soldiers killed unarmed Boston colonists, and the Massachusetts militias encounter with the British Army all reinforced the belief that a militia-of-the-whole was needed for the security of a free State. This view found its way into the constitutional debates and is key to understanding the Second Amendment. Following the Revolutionary War, thirty-nine men gathered in ... the Second Amendment to the Civil War. Most laws were found in the pre-war South and restricted free blacks and slaves from possessing firearms. In "free" states Second Amendment rights were not hampered ...

• Word Count: 2786
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Representatives had under consideration a bill to enable Missouri to form a state government. James Tallmadge of New York introduced an amendment providing for the gradual abolition of slavery in the proposed state. Accepted by the House, where representatives from the free states had a substantial majority, the amendment suffered defeat in the Senate. This is where the slave states were able to present a united ... official. The controversy was revived when Missouri drew up a constitution that not only protected slavery, but also directed the legislature to prevent the migration of fre...

• Word Count: 3691
• Approx Pages: 15
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... law permit and sanction, and under such safeguards for the protection of individual rights as those maxims prescribe for the class of cases to which the one in question belongs. Where doubt exists, law and government are encumbered to come down on the side of individual liberty" (Thomas, ... 235 (1970), thus obviating any necessity to develop the meaning of excessive fines as applied to the person sentenced. During congressional consideration of the provision for cruel and unusual punishment one Member objected to ''the import of, the words, being too indefinite and another Member said: ...

• Word Count: 3780
• Approx Pages: 15
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... Bill of Rights says Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. (United States Constitution, 2004) As you can clearly see, that first sentence states " ... to sign in order to demonstrate mass support for complaints against the governments. This right works hand-in-hand with the right to assembly by allowing people to join together and seek change from the govern...

• Word Count: 2783
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography

... British colonies in the America's. Under British sovereign rule the states had become subjected and confined to laws laid down by the monarchy of England. It is necessary for us to provide a brief analysis of the colonies under British rule, as it was American societies reaction to ... framework not only serves as a political guideline but also encompasses moral and spiritual issues allowing for ethical change and growth within an increasingly diverse nation. But has the land of the free, home the brave really come a long way since it's inception or is it more ... policies. The introdu...

• Word Count: 2722
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... house of representatives, and judicial by the court system. This separation also rolled down to the state level of government as well. Part II: Describe the changes in government [structure] and politics [who votes, how, why, and for what, and how the parties form and operate] from the rise of Jacksonian ... to vote while on their way to citizenship. With the new voters introduced into the population there needed to be a catchy way for candidates running for presidency to take advantage of receiving as many votes as they could, this is where the political parties came in, where earlier i...

• Word Count: 3055
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... childbearing, marriage, procuration, and the use of contraception. Balancing a woman's right to privacy with the state's interest in protecting potential life, the Supreme Court established a trimester framework for evaluating restrictions on abortions. The court required the state to justify any interference with the abortion decision by showing that it had a "compelling interest" in doing so and that restrictions ... have no abortion provider. This is a result of anti-abortion restrictions, combined with violence against abortion providers under such conditions. Indeed, until Presiden...

• Word Count: 3262
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: High School

... three dead at the Appalachian Law School in Virginia. The event made international headlines from Australia to Nigeria and produced more calls for gun control. Yet in this age in which media and government officials clamor in favor of "gun-free school zones," one fact was missing from virtually all the news coverage: The attack was stopped by two students who had ... rights of individual self-defense. Congressional researchers reported, "It is difficult to find correlation between the existence of strict firearms regulations and a lower incidence of gun-related crimes." Canada cracked dow...

• Word Count: 3029
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... , he used neither trap nor gun- (Compton's Encyclopedia 174) Although he wrote many essays, books, poems, translations, and journals, he is best known for writing Walden. He was also a great thinker and many times his ideas left him in the minority. Although many disagreed with him, Henry David Thoreau expressed ... government never of itself furthered any enterprise, but by the alacrity with which it got out of its way. It does not keep the country free. It does not settle the West. It does not educate. The character inherent in the American people has done all that has been accomplished...

• Word Count: 2858
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... the case of Terry v. Ohio, which defined the rules associated with evidence found during what we know today as a frisk or pat-down. The second rationale is the theory that the exclusionary rule acts as deterrence to future violations of the Constitution. The belief is that ... continuous complaint of law enforcement officers and a trigger to much police corruption today is their perceived lack of support from the judicial system. For decades, police in Baltimore and throughout the country have believed their legitimate efforts are fruitless. They arrest a perpetrator with valid and qualif...

• Word Count: 2672
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate