... trial. In fact, his closing argument consisted of only 225 words. Nelson was able to obtain respectable representation in 1991 and was cleared of all charges and released. Troy Lee Jones spent fourteen years on death row in California. In 1996, the California Supreme Court granted him a new trial because he was not adequately represented at his original trial. His defense ... attorney had failed to conduct a sufficient pretrial investigation, speak to witnesses, or obtain a police report. The attorney even brought forth damaging testimony against Jones during cross-examination of a witn...

• Word Count: 2692
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... legal recourse is that prosecutors seem to have no interest in prosecuting offenders from crimes committed in prison. In fact, it seems as if a number of members of the criminal justice culture feel that prison crime is simply par for the course. Justice Clarence Thomas echoed this sentiment when he ... to prosecute these crimes. And why wouldn't they think this way? In following with Justice Thomas" logic, the court dismissed the case of Chandler v. Jones in which an inmate was sexually harassed after being moved to a more dangerous housing unit. Furthermore, that court stated that. "Se...

• Word Count: 4535
• Approx Pages: 18
• Has Bibliography

... -based Arc/Info coverage have been plotted. To this map', the pins' - precisely spatially referenced property-based crime data - has been added. This has led to a dramatic increase in the number of visual clues presented to the system user, facilitating the interpretation of the pattern and location of burglaries (Hirshfield, Brown and Todd, 1995). 1.3 Meeting Police Needs However, standard GIS packages ... triangulate the location of the shooter and the GIS program brings up a map showing the location of the shot, (see Figure 3) accompanied by sounding an alarm. The names, addresses and...

• Word Count: 4721
• Approx Pages: 19
• Has Bibliography

... locked into detention facilities with no access to a lawyer or other advocate. On June 8, 1964, a 15-year-old boy named Gerald Gault and a friend made a series of crank phone calls to a neighbor woman in Gila County, Arizona, asking "Are your cherries ripe today?'' and "Do you have big bombers?'' Perhaps lacking more serious crimes to investigate, the county sheriff ... hauled young Gerald to jail and charged him as a juvenile delinquent without allowing the boy to make a phone call or even informing the boy's parents. A week later, Gerald went before the judge, who heard no evidence be...

• Word Count: 8199
• Approx Pages: 33
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... computer network commits computer crime (Schmalleger, 1999, p. 486). Bloombecker (1986) suggested he history of computer crime and hacking started in the late 1950's when AT&T first implemented its interstate phone system and direct distance dialing (DDD)(p. 450). Manipulation of the way that the DDD system worked, in order to make free long distance calling, was the objective of this crime ... used in their early switching devices enabling them to fool the system into thinking that the customer has paid. A person who used any number of devices available for manipulating switch systems ...

• Word Count: 3406
• Approx Pages: 14
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... computer network commits computer crime (Schmalleger, 1999, p. 486). Bloombecker (1986) suggested he history of computer crime and hacking started in the late 1950's when AT&T first implemented its interstate phone system and direct distance dialing (DDD)(p. 450). Manipulation of the way that the DDD system worked, in order to make free long distance calling, was the objective of this crime ... used in their early switching devices enabling them to fool the system into thinking that the customer has paid. A person who used any number of devices available for manipulating switch systems ...

• Word Count: 3207
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: High School

... females. There are many landmark cases that have changed the juvenile justice system. Some of these cases are Kent v. United States, In re Gault, In re Winship, McKeiver v. Pennsylvania, Breed v. Jones, Thompson v. Oklahoma, Sanford v. Kentucky, and Wilkins v. Missouri. In Kent v. United States the Supreme Court decided that juveniles should be given the same constitutional rights as adults (Krygier, 3). The Supreme ... (Krygier, 3). In the court case McKeiver v. Pennsylvania the United States Supreme Court confirmed that jury trials are not required by the Fourteenth Amendment in juveni...

• Word Count: 3291
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: High School

... majority of cases involving zero tolerance punishments involved disruptive behavior or students talking back to their teachers (Insley, 2001). In a review of zero tolerance related suspensions, Force (2008) describes a number of cases involving the poor application of zero tolerance policies on behalf of school staff and police. In 1998 a case in Colorado involving a ten-year-old student named Shanon Borchardt ... of these mitigating factors in Shanon's case. More students like Shanon have fallen victim to the misuse of zero tolerance policies and the disproportionate enforcement of hars...

• Word Count: 4044
• Approx Pages: 16
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... defendants higher sentencing to lower sentencing, up to the sentencing that they believe the defendant deserves. Prosecutors "The prosecutor will balance competing considerations. These considerations are: (1) Guilty pleas increase the number of convictions .. (2) Defendants receive more lenient sentences where plea bargaining is used more extensively. This follows if defendants are awarded sentence or other concessions to induce them to plead guilty ... . (3) Because of the above two considerations, there is a trade-off between the number of convictions and the sentences received by per...

• Word Count: 2555
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography

... and this was fuelled by rumours that café owners where refusing to serve young people. The result was scuffles between the groups, which resulted in damage to windows and beach huts, and those youths with motorbikes and scooters roared up and down the promenade. This kind of scene was by no means unusual, what was different in this case was ... produce secondary deviance (Croall, H. 1998). The early nineties saw the beginning of a moral panic about youth crime. In 1992 Kenneth Clarke then Home Secretary made a speech about a small number of children committing a large number of crimes....

• Word Count: 2549
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: High School

... consistent with the New York Times survey. "This study found that recent evidence from the most active execution state in the nation lent no support to the deterrence hypothesis. The number of executions did not appear to influence either the rate of murder in the general or the rate of felony murder in particular Executions did not reduce murder rates; they ... , vol. 5, no. 4, p. 11, April 1999 Saletan, William. Calculating the Risk: does the death penalty protect innocent life, or endanger it? As fatal errors escalate, voters may reconsider capital punishment. Mother Jones, vol. 30, n...

• Word Count: 3235
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: High School

... a day to as long as years. There is almost always the savage violation and mutilation of the victims body, this is synonymous with lust murder, the largest number of serial killers. The lust murderer derives intense erotic pleasure from maiming and mutilating their victim's body, these victims are usually women. The mutilation can consist of ... Joni who were not so fortunate to have lived. Some thirty-six women may have fallen prey to Bundy, but only he knew for sure. It is a number that Bundy has carried with him to his grave. As a youth, Ted was terribly shy and was often teased and m...

• Word Count: 5789
• Approx Pages: 23
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... protest from Australia". £ SBS NEWS REVIEWS 2003These comments mark a significant change in Australia's attitude to the capital punishment. Over recent years, a number of opinion polls have been carried out to determine the public's attitude to capital punishment. A phone-in poll conducted in January 1986 by a Sydney TV station shortly after a particularly gruesome sex-murder received over 48 000 calls. On this ... and the like the rate of non-negligent homicide has been rising at a rate slower than other major felonies. Indeed, trends in Australia from 1965 to 1985 demonstrate an increa...

• Word Count: 2841
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... court is explained and the opposing organizations such as Amnesty International and the United Nations are mentioned. The article assessed public support of the death penalty for juveniles through this phone survey of two communities. The studies focused on demographic and character differences of the individuals surveyed. Cincinnati and Columbus, Ohio were studied by the use of random dialing techniques. Three ... " influences on a local and international level that enabled the abolishment. Jacot summarizes the historical process of the many countries that have outlawed the death penalt...

• Word Count: 4558
• Approx Pages: 18
• Has Bibliography

... counseling sessions (Newcom, 2). Upon completion of the program, cadets participate in a formal graduation signifying their entrance into the community (Newcom, 2). Youth counselors provide continued supervision of their platoons through regular phone calls and visits to each juvenile as well as their family, school and employer (Newcom, 2). A youth may be returned to the program if he fails to comply with conditions of ... to separate men and women. Women's boot camps do not get the attention that the male and juvenile camps do. One of the main reasons is due to the small number of app...

• Word Count: 2795
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... E. Roach 1-19-2000 Virginia 17 Glen C. McGinnis 1-25-2000 Texas 17 Gary L. Graham 6-22-2000 Texas 17 Gerald L. Mitchell 10-22-2001 Texas 17 Napoleon Beazley 5-28-2002 Texas 17 T.J. Jones 8-8-2002 Texas 17 Toronto Patterson 8-28-2002 Texas 17 You can see the dominance of juvenile executions in Texas and Virginia. The periods on death row awaiting execution for these ... ...

• Word Count: 2534
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... originally in criminal court. " [Off11] This means that there is certain criterion that the case meets which excludes it from being held in the juvenile system. "An increasing number [of states] exclude by statute certain serious or violent crimes from juvenile court jurisdiction, providing the offender meets a minimum age requirement. This effectively mandates the transfer of juveniles who ... juveniles produces more ill effects than retaining them in the juvenile system. "There has certainly been an oft-voiced consensus that transfer policies uniformly produce negative outcomes. Based ...

• Word Count: 3373
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... conclusions or making any definitive statements is not currently possible, the best that experts can do is make broad generalizations and educated guesses. Current literature on the subject comes to a number of fairly educated (and a few non-educated) conclusions that help to explain serial murder. Only a relatively few studies have been done that include in-depth first hand interviews with ... studies have often looked at childhood and home environment to establish a corollary to their current behavior. Ressler, Burgess, Douglas, (1988) in a study of serial murderers for the FBI, found ...

• Word Count: 5564
• Approx Pages: 22
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... differential involvement in crime and about 20 percent by subsequent racially discriminatory processes."12 Twenty percent is definitely significant and does deserve action, but it is not as high of a number as some might speculate, and therefore might dictate a more moderate solution. This will be discussed further later. Second, "the crime and delinquency rates of incarceration, and rates of ... or even plausible, then jury nullification need only help one city, one neighborhood, or even one person, and have no visible negative effects, to merit implementation. Harvard Law Review propo...

• Word Count: 3584
• Approx Pages: 14
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... at Southern Methodist University in Texas and chairman of Amnesty International U.S.A., in his article "Death Penalty News "Texas- describes the obstinate frontier mentality that translates into today's disproportionate number of executions in Texas: Executions simply replaced lynchings as the accepted way to sate the popular (white) need to "dehumanize" or "exclude" certain groups from normal society. If ... known to throw champagne parties on the night of scheduled executions (Counterpunch 2). His ability to successfully try capital cases is a major reason for Harris', and consequentl...

• Word Count: 4933
• Approx Pages: 20
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... and alcohol abuse and addiction--or share some combination of these characteristics. Among these 1.4 million inmates are parents of 2.4 million children, many of them minors 0.C [f]rom 1980 to 1996, the number of people in prison has tripled due overwhelmingly to criminal activity spawned by drug and alcohol abuse. If this rate of increase continues, then one in every 20 Americans born ... . This study found high rates of criminality among users during periods of active drug use and much lower rates during periods of non-drug use (Ball et al. 1983). A large number of people who abuse dru...

• Word Count: 2815
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... , and violation of civil rights (Lersch and Feagin). The tendency of emphasizing California and New York's police brutality cases, and ignoring the less populated states, characterizes a substantial number of news organizations and crime research groups. Police misconduct is affecting other parts of the nations outside the most populous sections of the country, and differences between regions may have ... with the state. For this reason, crime geographers and other social scientists need to follow attentively these events: Although police killings of civilians are relatively rare given th...

• Word Count: 5510
• Approx Pages: 22
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... was a quantitative assessment of circumstances in which people would take a plea bargain[Bor851]. In order to conduct their research they interviewed a total number of 67 males and 62 females who recently had felony charges in their record and agreed to accept a plea bargain. The participants in the ... other plea bargains were refused [Bor851]. The second set of question involved numerous demographic items such as: religion, age, employment status, education, number of children, marital status, previous convictions and plea bargaining experiences, and rather or not the defendant negoti...

• Word Count: 3937
• Approx Pages: 16
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... experience a fundamental change of who they are. They are striped of all possessions, and given universal attire. Each inmate loses their uniqueness or own identity and are usually given a number in replace of their name. All these processes are Goffman's explanation of the inmate's entry ritual. The inmates are usually humiliated, and realize they will look just like the rest ... threatened by overcrowding and violence. To tackle a tough social problem, the United States seems to have lost sight of the principles that should govern the use of incarceration. The extraordinary number of no...

• Word Count: 4763
• Approx Pages: 19
• Has Bibliography

... lives by stopping repeat murderers, but does it deter murder? Opponents of the death penalty argue that there is no deterrent effect. However, there are a number of studies that indicate that the contrary is true. A study by W. Bailey of the period from 1967-68 showed a deterrent effect in twenty-seven ... occurs and the murderer is sentenced to die, his case is automatically appealed to the state Supreme Court. After that, he may file a number of different appeals. Finally, about ten years later, after every legal attempt and delay tactic has been exhausted, the murderer is executed. As ...

• Word Count: 4548
• Approx Pages: 18
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School