... Americans and approximately 1 in every 20 Americans is a non-symptomatic carrier of the CF gene. (NIH, 1995) That ratio represents approximately twelve million people who are carriers and possibly not aware in this country alone. (NIH) Doctors and scientists are now looking toward gene therapy, specifically SmaRT gene therapy ... Although still lethal, patients with CF can now live a longer, far more comfortable life. There are a handful ways to test for CF. The most prevalent is the sweat test, which measures the amount of salt in the sweat. Higher than average amounts propose the perso...

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... new genetic technologies, and how we improve the species with this technology should give you a good idea about why this is so important. One of the biggest problems people have with genetics is the assumption that a defined trait - size, ear type, color, yappiness - is due to a single gene. In fact, genes code ... scientists can discover the genes that make these differences. A final technology that can be used in dog genetics is the dog I.Q. test. This compares the adaptive intelligence from one dog to another. This again shows how different genes in dogs are similar or different. The ...

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... of these children protested these terms and in the 1960's the condition became known as Down syndrome in honor of the English doctor John Langdon Down. Who, in 1866, studied people with mental retardation and noted distinct physical features in them. Some of the physical features associated with Down syndrome are low muscle tone, many newborns appear as floppy and not ... 14th to 18th week of pregnancy. This is the most reliable and accurate test. It is 99.8% reliable in testing for Down syndrome. There is another blood test available called Percutaneous Umbilical Blood Sampling (PUBS)....

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... fibrosis is an inherited condition that affects the glands that produce mucus, tears, sweat, saliva and digestive juices. In normal people, these products are thin and slippery. Because people with cystic fibrosis glands produce sticky and thick secretions it plugs up tubes, ducts, and passageways. This is especially so ... from families with cystic fibrosis, the chances are one out of four that the child will get cystic fibrosis Scientists estimate that 10 millions people may be carriers of cystic fibrosis and not even know it. Approximately 3,200 Caucasian babies in the United States a...

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... system to the point that it has difficulty fighting off certain infections. Many of the infections that cause problems or may be life-threatening for people with AIDS are usually controlled by a healthy immune system," (1). At this point in time, there is no cure for AIDS. There are ... to the nature of the virus and its corresponding disease AIDS. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, or ELISA, has been performed to diagnose many infected people. Antigens, usually specific HIV proteins, are added to a well of a micro titer plate and then washed away. The serum to be tested ... X X X FIGUR...

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... is essentially a part of one's body. Individuals do not like the idea of someone having rights to their personal being. A major issue that comes to light is that of healthcare. People fear that because genes are able to be patented the owner can charge as much as they'd like and hinder the public from receiving medical tests they require. Inaccessibility to ... was able to beat the odds by undergoing a double mastectomy. "Jolie had been tested for the "faulty" gene BRCA1 and the test came back positive. Myriad owns a patent for the BRCA1 gene, and therefore, has exclusive rights to test...

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... , help the disposal of waste, and help make medicine. Products that have all ready been made by using biotechnology to help people include human insulin for diabetics, growth factors used in bone marrow transplants, products for treating heart attacks, diagnostic test for infectious diseases like hepatitis and AIDS. Researchers around the world are working their way through many human chromosomes. They call ... bit of the genes and proteins that make up a living organism. Nucleic acid hybridization gives lab specialist a simple, direct way to use the DNA order of a gene as an exact test ...

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"What is genetic engineering, after all, but pre-emptive plastic surgery? Make the child perfect in the test tube, and save money later." ~ Roger Ebert "Imagine a society where everyone is more intelligent and healthier than you. Imagine a society where your genetic makeup-engineered or natural-determines the job ... . When parents can order "perfect" babies, will they? Would you take your chances on a throw of the genetic dice, or order up the makeup and model you wanted? How many people are prepared to buy a car at random from the universe of all available cars? That is how many, I suspect,...

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gattaca "What is genetic engineering, after all, but pre-emptive plastic surgery? Make the child perfect in the test tube, and save money later." ~ Roger Ebert "Imagine a society where everyone is more intelligent and healthier than you. Imagine a society where your genetic makeup-engineered or natural-determines the job ... . When parents can order "perfect" babies, will they? Would you take your chances on a throw of the genetic dice, or order up the makeup and model you wanted? How many people are prepared to buy a car at random from the universe of all available cars? That is how many, I ...

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... distrubeted.Certain human proteins, such as insulin, are sometimes needed on demand. Unfortunately, our human bodies can not produce them on the spot. This can be very dangerous for some people, like those with diabetes. Diabetics do not produce enough insulin, and therefore they need a way to obtain new insulin. Through genetic engineering, insulin can be created to be ready when ... to replicate his kidney to save both of the childern. Genetic engineering can also be help to fight dieases and disaoders that occur in humans. By just taking cetain gene test to test if the fetis is carry...

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... DNA. To do this one will swab the inside of the cheek for cells. This is then placed in a test tube . 10 microliters of DNA is needed. 6 microliters of water must be added to the test tube. Vortex the tube for 15 seconds. Incubate the tube at 65 C for 30 minutes. Vortex the tube ... for 15 seconds. The primers are now added to the test-tube. 1.5 microliters of each primer is then added to the DNA. There are 3 primer sets, so 6 primers must be added. The temperature is then ... can now help patients with cancer see for the first time where there cancer is coming from. But the uses don't h...

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... their number or their nature.: estimates are that less than 0.01% of all microbes have been identified. Also, expected benefits include developments of diverse new products, processes, and test methods that will open the door to a cleaner environment. Biomanufacturing will use nontoxic chemicals and enzymes to reduce the cost and improve the efficiency of industrial processes. Already, microbial ... set of regions. There are many benefits that will come with DNA fingerprinting. Some include: identifying potential suspects whose DNA may match evidence left at crime scenes, exonerating peo...

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... a double helix and joined by hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases adenine and thymine or cytosine and guanine. The sequence of nucleotides determines individual hereditary characteristics. Recently in science people have been trying to figure out if certain sequences of DNA could be used to determine the race of a person. According to the article "The Reality of Race" in ... particular set of regions. There are many benefits that will come with DNA fingerprinting. Some include: identifying potential suspects whose DNA may match evidence left at crime scenes, exonerating people w...

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... of the human genes by 1996. Researchers have successfully located the gene and DNA sequence for Huntington's Disease on Chromosome 4 and have made a genetic test to determine if a person carries this gene. The child of a person with Huntington's has a 50% chance of inheriting the gene, which pretty much ... very high, insurance companies who want to stay in business see this genetic test, and others like it, as an opportunity to screen prospective clients for the possible chance of such diseases. Some people feel that this information gives insurance companies an unfair advantage over t...

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... of becoming an astronomer, anyone who is labeled in-valid is denied entry into Gattaca. Scenes like the interview when Vincent is automatically allowed in Gattaca just after a fake urine test shows that society is divided and acceptance is a formality for someone who was a valid but virtually impossible for an in-valid. This stresses the idea that genetic engineering can create ... the theme of genetic disorder and how the 'perfect' society perceives, classifies and dehumanizes the 'imperfect' minority. Niccol successfully displays how genetic engineering can create an undercl...

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... . The testing is very expensive and if the accused can't pay for the testing then they will not be able to defend themselves using the results of the test. Also a question is, will people misuse the process? A misuse that scares them is the unauthorized use of the database that will be created with the increasing use of the DNA fingerprint. An example ... ...

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... . The testing is very expensive and if the accused can't pay for the testing then they will not be able to defend themselves using the results of the test. Also a question is, will people misuse the process? A misuse that scares them is the unauthorized use of the database that will be created with the increasing use of the DNA fingerprint. An example ... ...

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... pneumonia or bronchitis, weight loss and salty-tasting skin. A person can be tested for Cystic Fibrosis in three ways; the first is by a sweat test to measure the amount of sodium chloride in their sweat, this is because people with Cystic Fibrosis have between 2 and 5 times the normal amount of salt in their sweat; the second is testing a newborn where doctors can ... measure the amount of a protein called trypsinogen in the blood. The level of this protein is higher than normal in people with Cystic Fibrosis and Finally, genetic tests can identify a faulty CFTR gene using a sample of ...

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... order to avoid preventable complications, to properly prepare all aspects of the experiments, to keep the best interest of society in mind, and to acknowledge moral and ethical issues. Many people do not realize this, but cloning has been around for Just over 30 years. Embryo cloning (in vitro fertilization) has been carried out on many species of animals. It involves ... a somatic cell from the same 30 year old woman. Their report states: "we were able to confirm division up to the fourth cell stage, the stage of embryo development when a test tube embryo is usually placed back in the ...

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... Venter decoded the DNA of a single cell bacterium Haemophilus Influenzae. Since then more than a hundred organisms have been successfully decoded. Hence, with whole decoded genomes available for study, scientists can test Darwin's theory of natural selection, one theory which Darwin never actually experimented physically. Due to the discovery of DNA, we cannot deny that it has greatly influenced medicine. DNA, after ... identification and it is strong enough to overturn verdicts. DNA fingerprinting has proven the innocence of many inmates. According to the New York Times, the Innocence ...

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... such as diabetes, cystic fibrosis, cancer or AIDS, and to help feed the growing world population. However gene technology raises urgent questions of safety and ethics. Human cloning means designer people with known pedigree. This is the ultimate pedigree child. Cloning of human embryos has already been achieved. Successful cloning of adults have announced but not yet proven. It is only ... across the world were already locked in a race to clone the first human. Huge amounts of money are at stake in human cloning research. Teams have announced their aim, many people have come forward wit...

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... was made used an unfertilized sheep's egg. From that egg all genetic material was removed. Then a cell was taken from an adult sheep. Both of these cells were placed in a test tube then given it a small spark of electricity. The egg gains the full genes it needs from the adult cell and goes on to produce an identical twin of the ... before Dolly was finally created. The third form of cloning is called therapeutic cloning. Therapeutic cloning is done to create new organs and tissues for people who are in need of organ, skin or bone marrow transplants. People want to imagine that cloning ...

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Cloning has been around for a few years and has achieved public recognition only very recently. Many people don't know what cloning actually entails and what the possible side effects of a cloned animal or even human could be. Scientists have spent many hours trying to clone humans and ... cloned a human but these reports were never verified. Leading up to human cloning, animals have been the "test group" in the field of genetic engineering. Cloning is just starting to be developed, standardized, and new advances are pushing it along at a constant rate. People are just starting to see what c...

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... by the pesticide, such as spiders, honey bees, and some insects. Pesticides that are in use now generally kill most insects on contact which is less environmentally safe. One issue people have with genetically engineered pesticides is that it is possible for insects to develop a resistance to them over a period of time. This would only happen if these pesticides were applied ... much. Genetically engineered pesticide plants are a debated topic also. They are plants that are spliced with bacterial DNA to make proteins that are toxic to certain insects and butterflies. Many people are wor...

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... present-day poor relations (84[5]:250). This is about the same as saying that if I'm descended from my Scottish forefathers then why are there still Scottish people.( I am aware that I did not evolve from these people but you get my drift.) New species evolve by splintering off from established ones, when populations of organisms become isolated from the main branch of their ... causes legs to sprout where antennae should grow. These abnormal limbs are not functional, but their existence demonstrates that genetic mistakes can produce complex structures, which natural selection can then ...

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