... whether the information is available to the public free of charge or on payment of a fee. Data Protection Law As with the 1984 Act there are eight Data Protection Principles in the Act. However, the new Principles are not exactly the same as those in the 1984 Act. Except to the extent that any data controller is able to claim an exemption from any one ... processed by data controllers. Controllers must comply with them, irrespective of whether they are required to notify and whether or not they are actually notified. The United Kingdom's existing data protection legislation, the Data Pr...

• Word Count: 1225
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... (b) society must, although it has the responsibility to take reasonable measures to prevent criminal conduct by young persons, be afforded the necessary protection from illegal behaviour; (c) young persons who commit offences require supervision, discipline and control, but, because of their state of dependency and level ... are relevant to the young person's offending behaviour; (d) where it is not inconsistent with the protection of society, taking no measures or taking measures other than judicial proceedings under this Act should be considered for dealing with young persons who have...

• Word Count: 12342
• Approx Pages: 49
• Grade Level: High School

... is good for the economy as well as the U.S. shipping industry. Most opponents of the Jones Act see it as a blockade for the growth of the economy due to the Act's restrictive nature. "The arguments in support of the Jones Act are compelling ones: jobs, safety, environmental protection, efficiency, and national security, all provided at no expense to the U.S. taxpayer and without a ... dime of subsidy from the federal government."2 If the Jones Act was not in place the U.S shipping industry would slowly grind ... be compared to the overall benefits to the economy created by the jobs, ta...

• Word Count: 1250
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: High School

... to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized (Ferdico 90-10). This guarantees citizens of The United States a reasonable expectation of privacy for private belongings and protection against harassment from government officials invading personal property without a search warrant. A solid justification supported by the totality of circumstances is required to obtain a search warrant on a citizen. ... liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. The Bill of Rights was created to protect citizens f...

• Word Count: 1446
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

Patriot Act: For Protection or an Invasion of Privacy? The Patriot Act is a 342 page law that was written and passed, by a 98-1 vote in the U.S. Senate, and then signed into law within seven weeks ... citizens without judicial review, conduct secret searches and snoop on the reading habits of library users. On October 26, 2001, President Bush signed the USA Patriot Act (USAPA) into law. With this law we have given sweeping new powers to both domestic law enforcement and international intelligence agencies and have eliminated the checks ... including inter-agency review, the normal committee ...

• Word Count: 821
• Approx Pages: 3

... requests. In June of 2012, the North Carolina state legislature decided to rework the statue. The revisions that they made to the Racial Justice Act would prevent the defendants from solely relying on statistics to show racial discrimination played a part in them getting a sentence of death. This was ... made possible because Republican now were in power in the state legislature. The outcome of another election would play a significant role in the Racial Justice Act's future. There was a gubernatorial race looming and the winner of that race would have an opportunity to make their mark on...

• Word Count: 2866
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... on November 12th 2001, authorized $800 million for educational facilities to develop computer security education and training programs. Some of the additional impact to colleges resulting from the USA Patriot Act will include: 1. Making IT security a higher and more visible priority; 2. Improvements in the design, development and deployment of security for educational and research networks; 3. Requirements for better ... . 5. Security research from the college level will be integrated the overall national effort directed to the improvement of critical infrastructure. On the negative sid...

• Word Count: 2098
• Approx Pages: 8

... in July 1998, but was not brought into full force until March 2000. The Act covers how information about living identifiable persons is used. The Data Protection Act 1998 repeals the Data Protection Act 1984. It also repeals the Access to Personal Files Act 1987 and most of the Access to Health Records Act 1990. The effect is to create a single regime of access for such data ... . It is much broader in scope than the earlier 1984 act and greatly enhances the rights of individuals to gain access to information held about them' (hmso 2003). The Data Protection Act 1998 contains eight Data ...

• Word Count: 3047
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: High School

... that monitor the financial services industry. For example, some of these laws include: The Financial Services Reform Act (FSRA) 2001, The National Protection Act (Cwlth) 2009, Insurance Contracts Act 1984, Superannuation (Resolution of Complaints) Act 1993, Life Insurance Act 1995, Retirement Savings Accounts Act 1997, Trade Practices Amendment (Australian Consumer Law) Act 2010, The Future of Financial Advice Legislation (FoFA), to name a few. The FSRA provides a new regime ... the financial service industry. The regulatory framework covers a wide range of financial products including ...

• Word Count: 1272
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... children are safe from harm; and to ensure as far as practicable that all children are cared for in a way that allows them to reach their full potential" (Children's Protection Act 1993). School authorities also owe a non-delegable duty of care which is carried out to ensure that the proper measures are taken in a reasonable circumstance, in order to protect a student ... that is coming from their students and respond accordingly to the procedures that the school has authorized. These procedures taken by teachers and staff are in reflection to the Children's Protection Act 1993, in whic...

• Word Count: 1888
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Deland, Gary, Gallaher, Sharon, and Bowker, Gary.) Although prisoners do not have full Constitutional rights they are protected by the Constitution's prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment. This protection requires that prisoners be afforded a minimum standard of living. Prisoners retain some other Constitutional rights including due process in their right to administrative appeals and a right of access to the ... from "pat-down searching" them. The 9th Federal Court of Appeals recognized that female inmates, as a class, have experienced significant sexual abuse and they are therefo...

• Word Count: 2215
• Approx Pages: 9
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Deland, Gary, Gallaher, Sharon, and Bowker, Gary.) Although prisoners do not have full Constitutional rights they are protected by the Constitution's prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment. This protection requires that prisoners be afforded a minimum standard of living. Prisoners retain some other Constitutional rights including due process in their right to administrative appeals and a right of access to the ... from "pat-down searching" them. The 9th Federal Court of Appeals recognized that female inmates, as a class, have experienced significant sexual abuse and they are therefo...

• Word Count: 3147
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography

... be reconciled with respect to individual rights for the following reasons: how the Charter of Rights and Freedoms within the Constitution Act protects individual rights from majority rule, and how citizen participation can ensure preserving the protection of individual rights from majority rule. Majorities may want to infringe on the exercise and value of individual rights for various ... threatened by an inconsistency in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Vriend was fired from King's College for being homosexual. "Vriend's application for a declaration that the Individual Right Prote...

• Word Count: 2856
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... /or services. This unequal footing means that consumers can be at a disadvantage. In the past, legal processes and institutions were largely inadequate at providing consumers with effective remedies. Consumer protection came in the form of contract law, with a laissez faire system guiding the marketplace. With regards to advertising and marketing, consumers had to rely on the goodwill and honesty of ... ) and the New South Wales Department of Fair Trading. These bodies help by educating and "providing consumers with information to promote more informed and rational decision-making (bruns ...

• Word Count: 1149
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... although in some instances there are significant reservations. It has three overriding themes: the child's best interests, respect for the child's best interests, respect for the child's evolving capacities, and protection against all forms of discrimination. The UK Government ratified the Convention in December 1991. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child now constitutes the most authoritative and ... guaranteed by the Convention have application to children and can be enforced by their behalf. The European Convention and Fundamental Freedoms with incorporation into En...

• Word Count: 1937
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... a gun can be a valid and efficient method of self-defense. (Source 7) Guns have been used for hundreds of years as a means of protection. Also there is little empirical evidence that gun control is an effective deterrent against crime. (Source 5) The right to bear arms originated and is ... be infringed." (Source 8) This amendment was placed in the constitution for a reason. When guns are used properly they provide a good source of protection and self-defense for people who can't defend themselves. Every law abiding American citizen has the right and the duty to protect oneself and one ....

• Word Count: 735
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: High School

... also settles border disputes and facilitates efficient transfers of property. Back then, adverse possession was obtained through the indirect effect of the Limitation Act 1980. The time frame provided within which a paper owner should bring an action to reclaim his land in section 15, which states ... that a letter demanding possession does not stop time running in favour of a squatter. Schedule 6 of the LRA 2002 is in line with Human Rights Act and Article 1 Protocol 1 of European Convention on Human Rights. Rosemary Auchmuty discusses in her article 'Not Just a Good Children's Sto...

• Word Count: 2870
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... legally marry under Australian law. However in 1984 the legal system acknowledged that relationships outside of the traditional or legal form of marriage did exist. The De facto Relationships Act 1984 (NSW) provided protection and recognition for such alternative relationships involving people of the opposite sex. Where previously homosexual relationships are illegal under the law, as was homosexual intercourse. In section 4 ... couples are legally recognised in NSW under this law. The move toward legal recognition of the same sex relationships gained greater force with the Property (Rela...

• Word Count: 1070
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... are aspects of the criminal justice system which allow for the victim, offenders and society's rights to be balanced to a considerable extent. Current bail laws allow for greater protection of the offender's civil liberties, while upholding the protection of victims and society. In R v Gittany, the magistrate granted conditional bail as an "exceptional circumstance" under S 9c of The Bail ... Act 1978 was found to exist as a result of the strong argument in Gittany's defence. He also had strong community links and a $630 000 surety was paid. As the trial ... the case of R v Gittany pr...

• Word Count: 1051
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... to respect the wishes and dignity of the parents (NMC, 2008, 2012; DH, 2010; DH, 2012). Moreover, according to the "Family law reform act" (1969) section (8) it indicates that a minor cannot be granted the autonomy of consent for any medical procedure. This suggests that a registered nurse ... 2005). In Australia, the Law takes on the view that a child's interest is paramount. The New South Wales Supreme Court declare that "Child Care and Protection Act" (1998) (Aifs.gov.au, 2014) enable a minor to consent to and not refuse a necessary evidenced-based medical treatment. In a case of Marc...

• Word Count: 2744
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... that inmates have no real legal recourse for their grievances (especially of late) is the passage of the PLRA. The PLRA, or Prison Litigation Reform Act, has decreased the ability of inmates to file lawsuits to a level that has never before been seen. It has accomplished this in many ways. ... for the epidemic of prison crimes. Whether it is a lack of legal recourse caused by Congressional legislation or it is a lack of physical protection caused by uncaring prison officials, inmates simply do not have protections in place to keep them from becoming chronic victims of other inmates. Howe...

• Word Count: 4535
• Approx Pages: 18
• Has Bibliography

... YORK TIMES: TOP COP WINS The mighty have fallen! Yesterday afternoon, in a little over two hours, unanimous jurors found that The New York Times did not have First Amendment constitutional protection from libel suits when it printed statements that contained factual errors that damaged the official's reputation. The jurors awarded the police commissioner, L.B. Sullivan, $500,000 in damages. The March 29 ... in damages. 2) Discuss the similarities and the dissimilarities between the common law of Alabama as applied by the Alabama courts in Sullivan v. New York times, and the Sedition Act...

• Word Count: 1074
• Approx Pages: 4

... over the Internet. Another law that has helped in discontinuing the violation of sexually explicit messaging is called the Child Online Protection Act of 1998 (Tulsa, 2002). This act made it unlawful to post materials that are harmful to minors on any website that is available to those under the age ... and thus cannot be held up in court as a valid argument. There is one Act that is solid in the fight to protect the minors of today's Internet world. This act is called the Children's Internet Protection Act, or CIPA enacted in 2000. (Tulsa, 2002). According to the same article, " ... thi...

• Word Count: 1194
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... is known under the name the idea–expression dichotomy. The copyright law of the United States is governed by the federal Copyright Act of 1976. Copyright Status of Work by the U.S. Government 17 U.S.C. § 105 withholds copyright from most publications produced by the United States ... Government, and its agents or employees while in their employment: Copyright protection under this title is not available for any work of the United States Government, but the United States Government is not precluded from ... receiving and holding copyrights transferred to it by assignment, bequest...

• Word Count: 1158
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... is saying that these items belong to the individual and cannot be taken or searched through with out a reasonable cause. Along with the Fourth Amendment, the Fifth Amendment also implies a protection of privacy. The Fifth Amendment "prevents individuals from being forced to incriminate themselves" (Gottfried 10). Although the Fifth Amendment is often time used in court cases when defendants are able ... on the issue of personal privacy since Brandeis defined it in the 1920's. In 1966 a large step was taken in the area of personal privacy when the Freedom of Information Act "gave citizen...

• Word Count: 2150
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate