... in prison. In fact, it seems as if a number of members of the criminal justice culture feel that prison crime is simply par for the course. Justice Clarence Thomas echoed this sentiment when he stated that, "Prisons are necessarily dangerous places; they house society's most antisocial ... or abuse them further. And, according to some reports, these feelings of hopelessness in this situation are not unfounded. For instance, one testimonial that was published in the Human Rights Watch report told of a prisoner called M.R. According to his story, M.R. was raped, and when he reported it to...

• Word Count: 4535
• Approx Pages: 18
• Has Bibliography

... of marijuana because, as recent research has shown, the number of marijuana related prisoners make up only a minor percentage of the overall prison population. A number of advocates for legalization have suggested that the workload on local law enforcement would ease if marijuana were legal. They suggest that law enforcement resources that had been dedicated to catching marijuana related offenders could now dedicate ... Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as safe medicine when used as prescribed. The difference between Marinol and smoked marijuana is that you have to get a prescription f...

• Word Count: 4020
• Approx Pages: 16
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... only of proceedings under this Act; "pre-disposition report" «rapport prédécisionnel » "pre-disposition report" means a report on the personal and family history and present environment of a young person made in accordance with section 14; "progress report" «rapport d'évolution » "progress report" means a report made in accordance with section 28 on the performance of a young person against whom a ... after the appearance of the young person before a youth court judge or a justice pursuant to section 503 of the Criminal Code. Authorization of provincial authority for dete...

• Word Count: 12342
• Approx Pages: 49
• Grade Level: High School

... of guilt, in the Laingsburg Magistrate's court of contravening s 122(1)(a) of Road Traffic Act 29 . Bridge was sentenced to a fine of R5000 or 36 months imprisonment which was suspended for five years on certain conditions. The matter was reviewed as a result of Bridge feeling that the sentence imposed upon him was unjust and that his personal circumstances were not considered, i.e. the proceedings ... the probation officer or ask for a postponement of sentence until the report was in his/her possession. The magistrate was conscious of the fact that the probation report was not in the c...

• Word Count: 5729
• Approx Pages: 23
• Grade Level: High School

... law, from asking a job applicant information concerning an arrest or detention not resulting in a conviction. There are certain exceptions for peace officers, health care workers and persons with access to controlled substances. 12. Financial background investigation - Employers may obtain a credit report on an individual for hiring or promotional consideration or in order to check an individuals personal integrity or financial responsibility. In any case ... , Federal law indicates that when a decision to deny employment is based on information from a credit report, the employer must di...

• Word Count: 2564
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... of privacy, and claimed that the publication of their names caused them humiliation and harassment. This in turn forced the courts to make yet another landmark decision on whether to prohibit or punish news organizations for publishing truthful information that may cause harm to the victim. In the case of Nappier v. Jefferson Standard Life Insurance Co. (322 F.2d 502 4th Cir. 1963 ... 's name. Along with hearing her name he read court documents that which possessed the girl's name. In his report of the proceedings on the evening news he included Cynthia's name and a picture. After the br...

• Word Count: 2849
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... morality into the aims of law in America, while George Wallace stood strong under the positivist view that had drawn direction for the aims of law from social phenomenon rather than a moral compass. Martin Luther King's "I Have a Dream"" speech ... for exercising authoritative power over a community member is to prevent harm to others. Wallace's statement regarding the safety issues surrounding the forced integration implied that harm would not be prevented but instead would be initiated in Alabama toward its most vulnerable citizens when he said that "the Washington, D.C. school riot re...

• Word Count: 2706
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... threat to privacy since 1968 due to technological advances. Congress even made a statement about privacy back then. According to the 1968 report, "the tremendous scientific and technological developments that have taken place in the last century have made it possible for widespread use and abuse of electronic surveillance techniques. As a result of these developments, privacy of communication is seriously jeopardized by the ... . One huge privacy issue is based in the tracking of cell phones. Today's surveillance technology now allows the tracking of cell-phone locations when the phones ...

• Word Count: 2697
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... of reasons, it is easier to make arrests in these neighborhoods as contrasted with, for example, suburban neighborhoods with mostly white populations. Records of past statistics make officers believe they have a sufficient amount of evidence to incriminate anyone who fits these standards. A U.S. Department of Justice report stated that in 1999, African Americans were 20% more likely to be stopped than white ... Diallo, an unarmed and innocent African immigrant, was gunned down in a hail of 41 bullets while standing in the vestibule of his apartment building in the Bronx. The officers r...

• Word Count: 3114
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... aspect of criminal process. Criminal sentencing procedures are a means to deal with the people who have been convicted of crimes. As Alan Manson explains, "[s]entencing connotes a process for determining an appropriate sanction after a finding of criminal responsibility. Punishment and sentencing are conceptually distinct, although punishment has been the most common element of sentencing throughout history. Punishment is ... This restorative justice process involved a "community group conference between the prisoner, the victim and their particular support persons" A rare recommendation...

• Word Count: 4107
• Approx Pages: 16
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... through my Areas of Concentration. And to satisfy some of my other academic interests I have minored in Law & Society and History. The Law & Society minor, although not only for those planning on going to law school, has helped me to decide that I should pursue a career in law. In addition to it and my History minor, which has allowed an exploration of ... my time doing clerical chores. On the other hand, TKC, a government relations and public affairs firm, offered almost entirely substantive activities. So, although I regretted not having the "glamour" of working on the Hill on an impor...

• Word Count: 5442
• Approx Pages: 22
• Grade Level: High School

... real-time chat lines and countless audio works. We must regulate multimedia content. The technological impossibility of enforcing these regulations is a big problem. Consumer Protection Obviously, e-commerce will rely on consumer confidence for it to achieve adequate penetration. The general Principals are as follows: • E-commerce should be protected in the same manner as other forms of commerce; and • Protection should ... industry to force its browser Internet Explorer into the mass market. The war between Microsoft's Internet Explorer and the competing browser Netscape Navigator ...

• Word Count: 2877
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... So, natural law isn't trying to give a moral justification to every law, but is there to elaborate on "reason". Natural law creates a rational basis for determination of positive law and also a criteria for individuals to decide whether to obey the positive law or not. Laws may be unjust also. But, he ... this is what basic? And what becomes problematic is the conclusions that we derive from these basic goods. 4. Also, good depend on ones experience. Same sex relationship for finnis is a violation of natural law as he would argue that any perception of good attached to them is not self...

• Word Count: 7680
• Approx Pages: 31
• Grade Level: High School

... Overlapping Between the Three Organs There are overlapping between each of the organ but this aspects of the UK constitution not in accord with the separation of power. For overlapping between legislature and judiciary, "the legislature seem like plays the role of the judiciary whenever there are some circumstances of breach of parliamentary privilege or contempt ... delegated legislation however entrusts a law making power onto a member of executive. This process of delegated legislation involves the Parliament passing an Act which in turn confers a power on a minister to make delegated...

• Word Count: 2512
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... of the Constitution envisioned a separate judicial branch lying between the executive and the legislative branches. By keeping them separate, the framers hoped that it would act as a check on other branches. In addition, separation of the branches was intended to ensure judicial independence from political pressures. (Barone and Cohen, 54) Statesman Alexander Hamilton argued in The Federalist papers ... Bernotas, 15) Other units resemble business enterprises. Some are corporations owned by the government. Others are corporations sponsored by the government but operating partly or wholly ...

• Word Count: 2682
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the person whose rights were violated if the police obtained the evidence by relying on a search warrant they reasonably believed to be valid. Again, this is a feasible start for adequate and realistic regulation of evidence, yet, unfortunately, these exceptions do not often provide enough room for law enforcement officers to perform their jobs effectively in their attempts to reduce crime ... judiciary and law enforcement agencies. A continuous complaint of law enforcement officers and a trigger to much police corruption today is their perceived lack of support from the judicial syste...

• Word Count: 2672
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... it. Of course, the argument could also be made that is Socrates doesn't abide by the agreement; he would be doing a "wrong" simply for retaliation, which he had previously prohibited. (Crito, 49a) Post also references The Euthyphro to prove that the agreement is in itself also "impious" ... The second invalid theory is that Socrates in making a distinction between a law and a legal decision of a court. Woozley says we must disregard this theory for two reasons. First, nowhere does Socrates suggest that a decision by the court would be illegal, or that its illegality would be the reason h...

• Word Count: 2786
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... " signifies permanence and consistency in the organisation approached to aid the challenge. The Ombudsman is an office created by statute, which aims to act as a formal external control on the actions of the state. It does this by investigating the myriad complaints made by citizens, who have appropriate standing against the government. The office of the Ombudsman can ... of privacy by government bodies. The Federal Privacy Committee was formed in 1988 under the Privacy Act. This act was created to fulfil Australia's obligations under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rig...

• Word Count: 2831
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... necessary legal rule in order to ensure the benefit of innocent third parties. It is too easy for squatters to obtain title but this doctrine is justified as claimants should not sleep on their rights. It is possible for a squatter to acquire title by adverse possession without the owner realising it, like in Rains v ... into English law at the critical time, that argument did not succeed. Pye took the case to Europe and sued the UK government for compensation. Pye argued that the UK law on adverse possession was contrary to Art 1 Protocol 1 of the ECHR. The European court upheld Pye's co...

• Word Count: 2870
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... of looking at the law in an imaginative way. This is to say that the law is created based on an imagined, perfect state of being. In the context of adjudication, for instance, a judge, when deciding on a case, would have to make his or her decision by imagining what a perfect world would or ... : 146). In coming to this decision, the court considered the fact that this may have been a limitation on the right to freedom of religion but also that this limitation was justified in that it was for the purpose of achieving a greater good in the country, this being the decrease of alcohol abuse...

• Word Count: 2633
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... have if many of the upcoming youth grow up with psychological problems. According to Brian Allen, Erica Cisneros, and Alexandra Tellez in their article, "The Impact of Parental Deportation on Mental Health," "parental deportation causes increased emotional behavioral distress among children, including sleep problems, depression, anxiety and poorer grades" (387). What this means is that children ... situation is complicated because it is not only a concern of this country, it also concerns neighboring countries. According to Angela Banks in her article "The Normative and Historical case...

• Word Count: 2638
• Approx Pages: 11
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... the parties and also set the course of the law in countless cases to come. Another issue is the trend to pass on essential aspects of the judicial function to staff. The increase in the case weights creates a constant desires for judges to give away essential pieces of their work. A similar desire happen as to the bigger cases. The reality is that ... make choices in certain situations where we don't know exactly how to act. It can also create problems and issues on how to exercise authority, who to deal with personal struggles, or how to deal with a particular part of the justice syste...

• Word Count: 2655
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... have an impact on political outcomes, one must come to the conclusion that it makes a large difference if some citizens are more active than others. More importantly, the large difference is mostly seen when some citizens are active, while others are not. When political participation is uneven as such, this brings unequal representation and democracy cannot be attained. For this reason, ... benefits of participation, and weaker interests and identities fail to stir others. Finally, candidates, parties, campaigns, interest groups, and social movements mobilize some citizens and neglect oth...

• Word Count: 2557
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... is estimated that in one year, the marijuana industry can gross about $50-$33 billion, if the laws were reformed. Based upon taxes on cigarettes and alcohol, manufacturing taxes, license, and fees could produce about $10-$15 billion a year for our government. Upon this, state license, taxes, and fees can produce about $7-$10 billion a year (Rosenthal and Kubby 38). In one year ... marijuana laws. Today, "according to the United States Department of Justice, Federal, State, and local government currently spends over $20 billion per year on drug enforcement (Cussen and Block, par.25). If ...

• Word Count: 2734
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... do but discover them. Laws must be justified by something more than the will of the majority. They must rest on the eternal foundation of righteousness. That state is most fortunate in its form of government, which has the aptest instruments for the discovery of law. (Calvin Coolidge, to the Massachusetts State Senate, January 7, 1914) Introduction Democratic theory teaches us to govern ... debate in this country since its independence in 1776. Early in American history, jury nullification decided the well-known seditious libel trial of John Peter Zenger. The journalist was put on trial...

• Word Count: 2789
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography