... of their crimes were committed at seventeen, sixty-three percent are minorities, and have been on death row from a few months to more than twenty-one years. Lewis conducted a study of fourteen of the thirty-seven offenders on death row in the US and 100% of the juveniles had head injuries in their childhood and 100% of the offenders also ... with effective program options, protecting the due process rights of juveniles, and reconsideration of the death penalty for juveniles. 2. Cullen, F. T., Scott, J. E., & Skovron, S. E. (1989). The Death Penalty for Juveniles: An Assessment of Public ...

• Word Count: 4558
• Approx Pages: 18
• Has Bibliography

... than in traditional courts, cases were concluded quicker than in traditional courts and the rate of case disposition at arraignment was higher than in traditional courts (Casey 2005) "A case study of a Salt Lake County court, located in Salt Lake City, Utah, explored, in detail, professional stakeholders' perceptions of how a domestic violence court operates similarly and differently from ... problem-solving courts. The fact that it shows they are effective is very important for future research and policy decisions. In a report by the Government Accountability Office (GAO), evidence is ...

• Word Count: 4011
• Approx Pages: 16
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... current theories about female deviance. A girls aggression is often subject to censure in the form of either condemnation or a warning to behave like a lady, which ultimately produce feelings of guilt and anxiety about aggression among females than males (Heimer and DeCoster, 1999,p.283). Most likely delinquent females engage ... in more survival strategies, and they leave home or runaway. The females who depart from traditional "lady like" actions by engaging in violence are labeled more deviant than aggressive males (Heimer and DeCoster, 1999, p.283). But on the other hand ... I also ...

• Word Count: 3369
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: High School

... closest execution has ever come to being illegal was back in 1972, when the Supreme Court, in its 5-4 decision Furman vs. Georgia, struck down the capital punishment statutes of 39 states. Even then, although the court ruled that the death penalty violated the Eighth Amendment's prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment, it emphasized that it was only illegal in the ... evidence of guilt. Bedau & Radelet, both opponents, "consistently presented incomplete and misleading accounts of the evidence." (Markman, Stephen J. & Cassell, Paul G., "Protecting the Innocent: A Response to the Beda...

• Word Count: 2839
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... control and violence, both in Canada and the United States, is one that simply will not go away. If history is to be any guide, no matter what the resolution to the gun control debate is, it is probable that the arguments pro and con will be much the same ... show no dramatic results, "and few suggestions of perceptible effects of the 1977 Canadian gun control legislation". The only positive effect , Mundt, found in the study was the decrease in the use of firearms in robbery with comparion to trends in the United States . Informed law enforcement officers in Canada, as in ... to Sproule...

• Word Count: 2619
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... in prison. In fact, it seems as if a number of members of the criminal justice culture feel that prison crime is simply par for the course. Justice Clarence Thomas echoed this sentiment when he stated that, "Prisons are necessarily dangerous places; they house society's most antisocial ... a counselor and the rapist. When faced with his attacker, M.R. was frozen with fear, and thus his attacker offered the story that they were simply lover's having a quarrel. Consequentially, the two were placed back into population together, where M.R. was raped again. Of course, a face-to-face confront...

• Word Count: 4535
• Approx Pages: 18
• Has Bibliography

... involving minority defendants than in cases involving nonminority defendants."8 This discrimination becomes even more evident, and disturbing, when examining the death penalty. A study in Georgia found that in matched cases, prosecutors sought the death penalty in 70 percent of the cases in which a Black killed a ... . In McCleskey v. Kemp, the defendant introduced a comprehensive, multiple regression analysis of the death penalty, done by Professor David Baldus. The study controlled for 230 independent variables, and indicated that race is by far the most important factor in whether a d...

• Word Count: 3584
• Approx Pages: 14
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... see if he could tamper with them to increase the good traits over the bad. With the information gathered from both subjects Lombroso began a study of his own. Lombroso began studying the bodies of renowned criminals unlike the studies conducted by the criminologist who believed in the classical school. ... theories. The French believed the origins of crime was related to social conditions rather then Lombroso theory of innate tendencies. With years of successive study, debate and contacts with the people who criticized his works he modified his theory and method to include all kinds of so...

• Word Count: 2697
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... theories are not only evident in criminal society but also tie closely with criminal beliefs and values. The main focus of this particular case study, Sam Goodman, is a prime example to use when illustrating these theories" role in the criminal world. Discussions of his experiences in the ... believed that by getting away from the temptations and surrounding himself in "legit" business, that he would no longer be involved in the criminal scene. For the most part, this was probably correct. On a daily basis, Sam was dealing with criminals that thought like businessmen, basically allowing...

• Word Count: 4192
• Approx Pages: 17
• Grade Level: High School

... people contributes to its high number of delinquents, but it still has a disproportionate number of executions. For example, between 1924 and 1972 the United States witnessed 455 executions in the United States for rape and 99 occurred in Texas alone (Marquart 39). Texas accounted for 22 percent of rape-related executions in the United States but only consisted of 7.3 percent of the ... convict's risk to society or send the offender to prison where the possibility of parole exists. In this case, many side with capital punishment because they lack an alternative. A study conducted by Mar...

• Word Count: 4933
• Approx Pages: 20
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... in being the flagship of democracy but yet they kill their own (Winters, 1997). Kant's law of equal retribution is not a way to guide the punishment of criminals. People would find it morally revolting to "torture torturers, rape rapists, or terrorize terrorists- (Williams, 2000). The government should ... criminals. If we did sink to the level of the criminal, it shows that we have no morals. "Government is a teacher, for good or for bad, but government should set the example. I do not believe that government engaging in violence or retribution is the right example. You do ... legally ...

• Word Count: 2712
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... An extreme majority of those on death row are, what one would, consider under-privileged, or poor. In 1989 37.7 million working American, accounting for 39 percent of the total of income tax returns, received had incomes below $15,000. Instead of putting money into childcare, low-income housing, employment ... those on death row, poor. Between 1981 and 1991 the federal government cut its contribution to education by 25 percent and increased it allocation for criminal justice by 29 percent. The poor were getting poorer while the prisons gained momentum. It was during her times Patrick So...

• Word Count: 2921
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography

... penalty cases has occurred in 96 of North Carolina's 100 counties. Also, this study showed that prosecutors were more than twice as likely to remove qualified African Americans from a jury as members of any other race for more than 20 years. They looked at the time period between the years of ... notes for this juror they wrote that he was a "fine guy. " The only fine thing about him was the fact that he was Caucasian. The study done by the Michigan State University College of Law had a very important role in the way Judge Weeks reviewed these above referenced cases. The study was ... Mar...

• Word Count: 2866
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... or attention deficit symptoms" (p.132). These results are just one of many that oppose the idea that violence in video games cause violence in those who play them. Another study confirmed the same results with a bit of a twist. After the participants played their either violent or neutral video game, they were unknowingly measured on the amount of hot chili sauce ... avatar affected violent behaviors, showed that an increased amount of sauce equaled an increase in aggression as well. In the study those who created personalized avatars, "the amount of chili sauce administered was conside...

• Word Count: 2700
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... different kinds of violence allowed by Christian communities known as righteous violence: military action or state-sanctioned, defense of community, and violence for religion.27 There are also three types of pirates: state-sanctioned or hired by governments, commercial pirates, and marauders.28 All the ... the Bible because they used sin as a reflection of crime. Private and public morals were enforced through the criminal codes and law.39 The church and religious order were enforced by showing the negative side of crime with the public punishment of piracy.40 Religious practice ... a...

• Word Count: 3774
• Approx Pages: 15
• Has Bibliography

... The conventional wisdom, of course, holds that such prohibition will reduce teen smoking. All fifty states prohibit cigarette sales to minors, but a study reported in the New England Journal of Medicine (Rigotti and others 1997) finds that such laws are rarely enforced. To determine whether stronger enforcement ... drinking age to twenty-one. Advocates of prohibition were quick to credit the new laws, and a large study by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety tried to prove the point (Williams and others 1983). As with the flawed teen-smoking studies cited earlier, the Insurance .....

• Word Count: 3739
• Approx Pages: 15
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... unchanged, an estimated 1 in every 20 persons will serve time in a prison during their lifetime. Lifetime chances of a persons going to prison are higher for men (9%) than for women (1.1%), and for Blacks (16.2%) and Hispanics (9.4%) than for Whites (2.5%). Based on current rates of first incarceration, an estimated 28% of Black males will enter State or Federal prison during their lifetime, compared to 16 ... quick and large amounts of cash. If they are not selling the drug, then they are most likely committing a crime to support their habit. According to Reiman (p.39,2001) "the result ...

• Word Count: 4763
• Approx Pages: 19
• Has Bibliography

... and an alternative to incarceration. There are many of different types of boot camps and there are a few of different models they follow; however they are all highly regarded. A study done for the National Institute of Justice states that, within the boot camps, juveniles are found to have positive changes and become less antisocial. Juveniles also appear to perceive their environment more ... is needed is because there needs to be more focus on keeping juveniles within the juvenile justice system, and out of the adult court system. Jeffrey Fagan et al., did a study for the ACLU and he ...

• Word Count: 2903
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... with masculinity. There are many evolutionary explanations which connect both masculinity and violence together. In terms of symbolic and mediated forms of violence, such as rituals, it is hard for us to understand why violence isn't committed the same in each culture or country. As Ray states, 'if there is an underlying biological tendency towards masculine violence, this ... whereas years ago they were male bias; that people failed to believe that women would commit any crime. For us to obtain an understanding involving gender and crime, we must examine the historical concepts tha...

• Word Count: 3847
• Approx Pages: 15
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... violent and sexual crimes, while under-representing other forms of criminality. Popular attitudes towards and understandings of the crime are often established around stereotypical images of more serious crimes, for example; the terrorist, the paedophile, the rapist or the armed robber. Since most of society have little direct knowledge or experience of criminally victimising others or being criminally victimised ... offenders tend to make a potential news feature even more newsworthy. Additionally, Greer (2007) has drawn attention to how the visual has become an increasingly important ...

• Word Count: 2855
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... by plea bargaining[Dev11]. Nevertheless, researchers have found several reasons that individuals might accept a plea bargain including pressure from the prosecutor, indirect and direct pressure, and likelihood of conviction. For example, a study conducted by Bordens and Bassett was a quantitative assessment of circumstances in which people would take a plea bargain[Bor851]. In order to conduct their research they interviewed a total number of ... As she hypothesized, her results concluded that with stronger evidence attorneys were able to obtain harsher deals than they could with weaker...

• Word Count: 3937
• Approx Pages: 16
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... of evidence-based alternatives to school discipline. In the United States " [a] public school student is suspended every second and a half, and a recent study found that 95 percent of out-of-school suspensions are for nonviolent, minor disruptions such as tardiness or disrespect" (Fine et al., 2003).  In schools with Zero-Tolerance policies, these minor disruptions are handled by ... ." They go on to provide recommendations for state policymakers and school administrators for reforming zero tolerance policies; they call for the elimination of zero tolerance policies and the use of altern...

• Word Count: 4044
• Approx Pages: 16
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... several key behavioral and childhood similarities among this sub-group of homicide perpetrators including: physical and psychological abuse, neglect, and violent fantasy creations. These conclusions tend to dominate the study of serial murder and its creation, often neglecting other possible contributions. This data brings up the question then of why only a handful of the many abused children become serial ... (Fox and Levin, 1999). Past studies have often looked at childhood and home environment to establish a corollary to their current behavior. Ressler, Burgess, Douglas, (1988) in a ...

• Word Count: 5564
• Approx Pages: 22
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... no deterrent effect. However, there are a number of studies that indicate that the contrary is true. A study by W. Bailey of the period from 1967-68 showed a deterrent effect in twenty-seven states ("Justice For All" 5). A later study by him showed a deterrent effect in twenty-five states ("Justice For All" 5). During the moratorium on Capital punishment in the United States, murder increased by one hundred ... Harris County, the highest homicide rate was in 1981, one year before the death penalty was reinstated in Texas ("Justice For All" 6). All of these studies indicate that implemen...

• Word Count: 4548
• Approx Pages: 18
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... a degree of success. The data collected show that these treatment programs were able to significantly reduce the need for out-of-home placements both initially and after a twelve month period (Haapala &Kinney, 1988). This study examined participants who were already involved with the juvenile justice system however and therefore the need to incorporate these treatment ... the juvenile justice process may lead to the overrepresentation of minority youths in secure confinements. According to a recent OJJDP study, of North Carolina's juvenile justice system, significant contributing factor...

• Word Count: 8199
• Approx Pages: 33
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate