By the 1820's Greece became a nation-state. Before Italy became Italy it was broken up into different states that belonged to different nations. In 1800 Italian nationalists attempted to unite Italy. Giuseppe Mazzni, called "The Heart" because he did not fight, started an organization called Young Italy, which try to make Italy a nation-state. Mazzni lead Young Italy during the revolution in the 1840's to throw out other European nations that controlled Italy. Mazzni failed and was sent to exile. In the 1850'sand 1860's Sardinia was unified and gained vast amounts of territory. This was possible because of Victor Emmanuel II and Count Camillo di Cavour who was called "The Head." Cavour wanted strength, wealth, and power for Sardinia. In order for him to do this he had to take land from other territories using alliances during Cavour's large gain of land. France and Austria attempted to block Cavour from gaining any more land. Cavour convinced France to allay with him in order to defeat Austria. In return for France allying with Cavour he offered the two territories Savoy and Nice. Cavour defeated Austria gaining a large amount of land. .
In the south Giuseppe Garibaldi who was called "The Sword" because he conquered most of the land. Like the other leaders he also wanted to untie Italy one nation-state. Garibaldi issued a proclamation that would hopefully encourage the Italians to aid him on his war to make them a nation-state. He says "Let the people of liberated provinces lift high their voices in championing the cause of their brothers who are fighting!" by saying this he encouraging the to cheer for the ones who are fighting for unity. He also says "To arms! At one blow, let us end the sufferings of centuries. Let us prove to the world that it was indeed in this land that the sturdy race of ancient Romans once lived." He is stating that he wants to prove to everyone that Italy can win the battle and truly become a nation-state.