Later on Beccaria was attacked for being too harsh in the suggestion for punishment to fit the crime regardless of the condition and age of the perpetrator.
Lavator (1741-1801), a physiognomist, studied facial features of criminals to determine criminal behaviour through the measurements of ear, nose and eyes. Phrenologists, such as Gall (1758-1828) and Spurzheim (1776-1832) studied that the shape of the skull and bumps on the head determined the criminality.
The social perspective sees deviance as a function of the surroundings or environments that a Juvenile lives in. Tomovic cites Redl and Wineman approach that, the cultural meaning of the word deviance is a piece of behavior, which is contradicted with the values, demands of the dominant culture. Bynum (1996) explains the fundamental sociological concept in description of deviant social status is defined as the prestige position of a person in relation to other persons is the social group or society." The juvenile or adolescent status in our society is rather precious one, neither adult nor child. The adolescent has a marginal social status. He or she is often torn between the normative expectations and responsibilities associated with adulthood and the freedom from accountability afforded children. The young people are extremely important from a sociological perspective as a major contributing factor to the problem of juvenile deviance. .
An Italian physician Lombroso (1835-1909) known as the father of criminology studied inmates at the institutes for criminally insane persons at Pavia. Lombroso concluded that serious offenders were born criminal and they suffer from "atavistic anomalies" they are the throwbacks to more primitive times when people were savages. Mentally ill and epileptics are also born with the criminogenic traits which can be acquired through indirect heredity among its members. Goring (1870-1919) introduced "defective intelligence", rejecting Lombroso's claims of biological determinism and confirming criminal behaviour as inherited.
