However this study cannot be considered representative as it was conducted on only one kindergarten in America therefore it cannot be assumed that all educational institutions operate like this.
963.Streaming is another form of labeling in which those of similar abilities are all put into the same set for all subjects. Similar to Rits, Lacey (1970) found that those considered bright were put in one stream and those not considered bright in another, this leads back to the SFP as students in low stream will be demotivated to work regardless if they're better at certain subjects than others, therefore creating class inequalities as those labeled bright are often only those of middle class. .
Mary Fuller (1984) criticizes Becker as she found that the labeling theories are too deterministic, students don't always live up to the labels they've been given, her study on black girls in London who were negatively stereotyped by their teachers revealed that instead of accepting the labels given by their teachers, the girls were motivated to prove the teachers wrong which ensured their educational success, therefore labeling cannot be entirely responsible for the outcome of a student's educational achievement. However in opposition to this Paul Willis' (1977) study on 12 working class 'lads' shows that not everyone will respond positively to labeling. As a result of labeling the boys in his study rejected school's values and created an anti-school subculture and as a result of this they end up with working class jobs. The studies have been highly criticized for being gender orientated and focusing on a very small group of people in one area meaning it's not a representative sample, in addition to this both studies neglect the external factors which could be affecting the behaviors and achievement of the students in schools.
Marxists criticize the labeling theory, as although there are many factors within the education system that create social class differences there are also many external factors that could produce class inequalities.
