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Breast Cancer


Pregnancy will interrupt menses and is therefore protective; a woman who delivers her first child at an early age will have less risk, whereas a woman who has never given birth, is at a much-increased risk of developing breast cancer. Events that delay the onset of or eliminate regular menstrual cycles will also decrease cancer risk.
             Because breast tissue exposure to estrogen increases cancer risk, there has been much interest in evaluating the risk of oral contraceptives. Polly A. Marchbanks and Jill A. McDonald conducted a population-based, case-control study to determine the risk of breast cancer among former and current users of oral contraceptives. They interviewed women who were 35 to 64 years old. A total of 4575 women with breast cancer and 4682 controls were interviewed. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculated odds ratios as estimates of the relative risk of breast cancer. The relative risk was 1.0 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.8 to 1.3) for women who were currently using oral contraceptives and 0.9 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.8 to 1.0) for those who had previously used them. The relative risk did not increase consistently with longer periods of use or with higher doses of estrogen. The results were similar among white and black women. Use of oral contraceptives by women with a family history of breast cancer was not associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, nor was the initiation of oral contraceptive use at a young age. Among women from 35 to 64 years of age, current or former oral contraceptive use was not associated with a significantly increased risk of breast cancer. (Marchbanks, Polly A., & McDonalds, Jill A., 2025-2032).
             As with other medical conditions, there is a growing belief that cancer is, in part, genetic and environmental.
             Over the past decade, two breast cancer susceptibility genes have been discovered and characterized, BRCA-1 and BRCA-2.


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