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Intelligence

            
             There is no consensus amongst psychologists on the definition on intelligence because it is such a broad issue and a single unique definition is probably impossible. Merriam-Webster's dictionary defines intelligence as "the ability to apply knowledge to manipulate one's environment or to think abstractly as measured by objective criteria". Many psychologists have their own definitions of intelligence and there is constant debate over whose definition is right The debate is likely to go on for a long time to come because it is almost impossible to prove whose definition is right. Most agree, however, that intelligence measures our ability to adapt to challenges and that intelligence varies for every person. .
             Despite the lack of a unique definition of intelligence, intelligence tests are often used in many circumstances such as the workplace and in schools. There is consensus that these tests are a good predictor of a person's ability as long as it is accepted that these tests are not one hundred percent accurate and that the results need to be qualified. This is because some of these tests can be open to biases such as but not limited to cultural biases if not conducted properly. An example of cultural bias is represented in a case study conducted by Renee Kimberley entitled "Psychological testing with african americans. A critical review of the literature" .
             Some psychologists believe intelligence is influenced by genetics while others believe it is environment which influences it. Currently many psychologists are leaning towards the belief that intelligence is influenced by a combination of nature and nurture and not purely one or the other. Alfred Binet was one of the first psychologists to devise an intelligence test. Binet's test has been changed and modified by many other psychologists overtime but his groundwork is still in place ninety-nine years after he first proposed it.
            
            
            
            
            
            
            
            


Essays Related to Intelligence

1. Artificial Intelligence

... this computing power on human brain and DNA research, and this has led to important discoveries about how human beings think and develop. Artificial intelligence scientists have applied this information to AI research. For example, scientists now know that the human brain is made up of a series of ... as the one being designed for Robokoneko, a robotic kitten. Developers hope that Robokoneko will respond to and learn from its environment and will develop intelligence comparable to that of an animal.5 Given that AI systems have already outsmarted a world champion chess player, become art...

  • Word Count: 5546
  • Approx Pages: 22
  • Has Bibliography
  • Grade Level: High School

2. An assessment of gender intelligence

... These abilities are applied to mathematical and scientific categories. Girls outscored boys on measures of general verbal ability, spelling, language, and memory. While these "female" types of intelligence are equally important to development, they cannot be applied to many respectable professions. Therefore, this experiment demonstrates the disadvantage females hold at a very young age. However, Suzanne ... incorporates paid labor, stressing technical skills, autonomy and emotional toughness (2000). When society limits females to the domestic sphere, females therefore become limited in...

  • Word Count: 3352
  • Approx Pages: 13
  • Grade Level: Undergraduate

3. Measuring Artificial Intelligence

... 7373). It even had a chemical laboratory installed to decompose food and excreted waste similarly to real ducks (7373). There are many other examples that support that the concept of artificial intelligence started in early history. Marina Krol provides a famous example of Chess-playing automaton in her article, "Chess playing." According to Krol, Baron Wolfgang von Kempelen traveled ... and declared that machines would compete with humans in all purely intellectual fields including chess (36). Turing is a very respected innovator, so his declaration about machines with artificial intell...

  • Word Count: 2656
  • Approx Pages: 11
  • Has Bibliography
  • Grade Level: Undergraduate

4. Emotional Intelligence: The Theory and its Application in Or

... never valued the ability to read people, understand people and understand emotions because these were soft skills and could not be measured will have to rethink their stand. Emotional intelligence is an intelligence, or a set of abilities. Let's examine the role that emotions play in the workplace. Consider fear, anxiety or worry, for example. Let's say that you ... understand emotions and emotional knowledge, and to reflectively regulate emotions so as to promote emotional and intellectual growth" (Mayer & Salovey, 1997). There are certainly other approaches to emotional intelligence. ...

  • Word Count: 3294
  • Approx Pages: 13
  • Has Bibliography
  • Grade Level: Undergraduate

5. The Artificial Intelligence Debate

... humans, people have faced many diseases such as the plague, small pox, and cancer, the latter of which is quite difficult for scientists and doctors to battle with. Artificial Intelligence can go beyond what human research can do, accurately predicting what exactly would save a dying patient from cancer cells spreading throughout the body (Kurzweil). Although people are probably still ... extend the longevity of the natural human body by sharing knowledge they have gained through their own research (Kurzweil). Ethical issues are a very large contributor to the arguments surrounding Arti...

  • Word Count: 1342
  • Approx Pages: 5
  • Has Bibliography
  • Grade Level: Undergraduate

6. The Art of War and American Intelligence

... upon them depends an army's ability to move (Tzu 82). From that point forward, spies have been used in almost every civilization to gain intelligence on not only their enemies, but also themselves. Understanding the ideals in this book has guided multiple armies and nations to a successful future. ... encourage this support to defect from the royal army, stating that the German prince was receiving money for each soldier killed in action. This intelligence operation had weakened the British defenses by nearly six thousand troops, without having to fight or kill any one of them (History)....

  • Word Count: 2957
  • Approx Pages: 12
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  • Grade Level: High School

7. Emotional Intelligence and Educating Youth

... explores the emerging relations among things. The primary reason that this article offers an interdisciplinary solution is because it aims to explore the emerging relations regarding emotional intelligence and life success. An interdisciplinary approach towards solving a problem also includes representing multiple areas of knowledge and using information from each area in order to reach ... In the article "Emotional Intelligences: A Missing Link in Educating Our Youth,"" the authors, Jacob Shirley W, Wadlington Elizabeth and Enloe Alicia discuss the necessary involvement of emotional in...

  • Word Count: 1834
  • Approx Pages: 7
  • Has Bibliography
  • Grade Level: Undergraduate

8. Mindsets and Intelligence

... species acquired through evolution allowed for the development and more importantly, the survival of humanity. Therefore, it is not surprising that the concepts of brain, genes, and intelligence gained considerable attention and were extensively studied within the realms of science. Emerging in the 1850's, Mendelian genetics dominated the beliefs of the scientific and the general public regarding ... heritability tells us whether a trait can be changed, and finally that heritability is a fixed number (Lilienfeld et al., 2010). From these misconceptions originate the false representations...

  • Word Count: 3294
  • Approx Pages: 13
  • Has Bibliography
  • Grade Level: Undergraduate

9. Intelligence Testing

... ""(Kleinmuntz, 1982, p. 333). Most of these immigrants did not fully understand English, and were at a disadvantage. Because of these injustices, Raymond B. Cattell and Florence Goodenough created a culture-free intelligence test. These tests contained very simple instructions and do not require extensive knowledge of math or science. Although culture-free tests help to decrease biases, they do not eliminate it ... attending an inner-city school and lived in a very poor area. But, studies seem to show the opposite occurs. Environment is another major factor that is hypothesized to influen...

  • Word Count: 1175
  • Approx Pages: 5
  • Grade Level: Undergraduate

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