The cell dies as a result. In the lysogenic cycle, the infected bacterium does not immediately produce viruses but may do so sometime in the future. In the meantime the phage is latent-not actively replicating. During the lysogenic cycle, the phage becomes a prophage that is integrated into the host genome. At a later time, the phage may reenter the lytic cycle and replicate itself. .
Animal viruses replicate in a manner similar to bacteriophages, but there are modifications. If the virus has an envelope, its glycoprotein spikes allow the virus to adhere to plasma membrane receptors. Then the capsid and viral genome penetrate a host cell. After reaching the inside of the cell the virus is uncoated as the capsid is removed. The viral genome, either DNA or RNA, is now free of its coverings and biosynthesis proceeds. The other difference is that the viral release occurs by budding. Budding does not necessarily mean death for the host cell. After animal viruses enter the host cell, uncoating releases viral DNA or RNA, and replication occurs. If release is by budding, the viral particle acquires a membranous envelope. The enzyme reverse transcriptase allows retroviruses to produce a cDNA copy of their genes, which become integrated into the host genome. .
Viruses are best known for causing infectious diseases in plants and animals, including humans. At least a thousand different viruses cause diseases in plants. About a dozen crop diseases have been attributed not to viruses but to viroids, which are naked strands of RNA not covered by a capsid. Like viruses, though, viroids direct the cell to produce more viroids. Some diseases in humans have been attributed to prions, which are protein particles that possibly can convert other proteins in the cell to become .
prions. Recently, prions have been linked to a serious outbreak in Great Britain of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), better known as mad cow disease.
These are the times that I appreciate the course I took in college - Microbiology. I may not be as well informed as I was years ago in the field of Microbiology, but at least I still have an idea of what the avian flu is about. The first time in years that I took an interest again in Microbiology was when the SARS virus came out. ...
Food spoilage Bacteria, yeast and moulds may cause putrefaidion, fermentation and moulding in food. Most kinds of food are subject to microbiological spoilage unless special methods are used for their protection. Microorganisms are usually found on the skins membranes of food. They penetrate the in...
Bacteria are single celled microbes. The cell structure is simpler than that of other organisms as there is no nucleus or membrane bound organelles. Bacteria are classified into 3 groups according to their basic shapes: spherical (cocci), rod (bacilli), and spiral. Bacteria are also classified by ce...
(Microbiology Lecture Notes, 1/10/03) Francesco Redi, performed an experiment in the early 18th century regarding spontaneous generation and disproved it. ... (Microbiology Lecture Notes, 1/10/03) Louis Pasteur, compelled to disprove the theory of spontaneous generation, performed the "swan neck tube experiment."" ... (Microbiology Lecture Notes, 1/10/03) Joseph Lister, a British surgeon, was one of the great innovators in antiseptic surgery. ...
SCCO requires its students to have completed one semester of calculus, organic chemistry, microbiology, and statistics, along with two semesters of psychology. SCO mandatory courses include: one semester of calculus, organic chemistry, microbiology, statistics, psychology, and biochemistry. UHCO requires one semester of calculus, organic chemistry, microbiology, statistics, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, and psychology to be taken by incoming students. ...
Since the dawn of time, bacteria have made their presence known on the earth on a unimaginable scale. Such a profileration of microbes, has put the human race as we know it, at risk to an assortment array of diseases. Taylor estimates about "one half of all human diseases are caused by pathogenic...
In Eukaryotic cells there is also a distinct nuclear membrane Prokaryotic cells are smaller than Eukaryotic cells, according to "Pharmaceutical Microbiology" the majority of bacteria fall within the general dimensions of 0.75 to 4mm compared to the size of common eukaryotic cells which can be up to 40 times larger than Prokaryotic cells and measure between 50 and 150mm. ...
There are a few aspects of my memory that I need to improve. Considering the large amounts of information I need to study in short periods, I absolutely want to improve my performance on exams. Although I have been good at taking tests in the past, I had a longer period to prepare myself. Chunking i...
It is easy to answer some hard questions such as what does DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) stand for. One who studies in microbiology gets that answer in one second. For some easy questions, where does your character and personality come from? it is hard to answer such easy questions. One needs more tim...
