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Bones

These lacunae are found between narrow sheets of calcified matrix, known as lamellae. Individual lamellae range between 4um and 12um in thickness. Small channels radiate through the matrix, interconnecting lacunae and linking them to nearby blood vessels. These canaliculi contain cytoplasmic extensions of the osteocytes and their extensions provide a route for the diffusion of nutrients and waste products.
             Microscopic organization of bone tissue can be divided into two bone types. Primary or woven bone is bone which is produced de novo by intramembranous or endochondral ossification. It has a highly irregular arrangement. Woven bone is weaker than lamellar bone due to the random organization of collagen fibers and greater number of osteocytes. Secondary or lamellar bone is highly organized mature bone. The collagen framework and mineralized matrix are arranged in lamellae or layers; collagen fibers of each lamella run in opposite helical directions to those in adjacent lamellae, thereby increasing the strength of the microscopic unit.
             Lamellar bone exists in three forms: osteonal, circumferential, and interstitial. First, osteonal lamellar bone or the Haversian system is 200 mm cylindrical units comprised of 15-20 lamellae surrounding a 50mm neurovascular canal called the Haversian canal. Osteocytes contained in lacunae are located between lamellae and are interconnected by canaliculi. Haversian canals are joined by perpendicular vascular channels called Volkmann's canals. Endosteum lines the Haversian and Volkmann canals. In long bones, osteons run parallel to the long axis of the bone. Second, Circumferential lamellar bone are large scale lamellae adjacent to the pre-installed and endosteal surfaces of a long bone. Third, Interstitial lamellar bone are remnants of old Haversian systems that have been cut by remodeling units. .
             Lamellar bone exists in two macroscopic arrangement based on its degree of porosity: Compact (cortical) bone or spongy (cancellous, trabecular) bone.


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