As early ass 1952, scientists first demonstrated that they can remove the nucleus from frog egg, replace it with an embryonic frog cell, and then allow the egg to develop into a tadpole. ... Stem cells are extracted from the egg after it is divided for 5 days and is now called a Blastocyst. ... Mitochondria which are the energy sources of the cell, have their own short DNA segments. ... In somatic cell nuclear transfer, nuclear material from donor adult cells is transferred into an egg which has been denuded off its nucleus. Chemical treatment with a substance like Ionomyan is given to the...

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The "cloning debate" has now been joined by the "stem cell debate," and it is imperative that people appreciate the difference between Adult DNA Cloning and Therapeutic Cloning. Adult DNA cloning: (also known as somatic cell nuclear transfer) This process begins by removing an egg from a donor mother and extracting the nucleus, this creates an enucleated, essentially empty egg. ... (No matter how a somatic cell is obtained, it contains the DNA of the person, and thus contains all of the information required to produce a duplicate or cloned person) It is then placed in the womb of the mother...

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In clear terms, cloning is the process in which DNA of a female egg is replaced with different DNA from another cell. ... In this operation, the nucleus, which is the part of the cell that contains the DNA, is carefully removed from an unfertilized female egg and then replaced with the DNA from the cell of another person. The egg with the DNA from another person is then manipulated into believing it has been fertilized and is implanted into the womb of the mother just as is done in the process of in vitro fertilization. ... Simple tissues such as skin cells have already been cloned in labor...

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A stem cell from a different animal is then fused with the enucleated egg cell from the original animal. ... The parent stem cell now begins to direct the function of the enucleated egg cell. ... In some case the two twins have the same DNA. ... A set of twins is created by the fertilized egg cell splitting into to completely separate cells. ... The doctor, or scientist, could take a small sample of cells and attach them to an enucleated egg cell. ...

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However, the parts of the egg cell needed for cell growth and development are left intact. ... The nucleus and the egg cell are placed next to each other, and electrical charges are emitted into them. ... The nucleus would be removed from the cell and transferred to an enucleated egg. ... A type of DNA called mitochondria DNA is not removed from the mother during the fertilization. ... So, it also is left intact in the egg cell for the fertilization. ...

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Once the egg cell detected that it had a full set of chromosomes, it began to divide and grow (Gill 73). ... In one stage, the cells are adding to the DNA; in another, they are proofreading it; and in another, splitting it. ... Take an egg and remove its nucleus, which contains the DNA/genes. Then take the DNA from an adult cell and insert it into the egg, either by fusing the adult cell with the enucleated egg, or by a sophisticated nuclear transfer. ... When an egg is fertilized and begins to divide, the cells are all alike. ...

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It involves transferring DNA from a person's cell to a genetically blank egg. ... This cell contains the DNA that will make the clone. ... The second cell is an unfertilized egg. The nucleus is removed from the egg so it no longer contains any genetic material or DNA. ... While the somatic cell is in this state, it matches the enucleated egg cell, which simply means the egg has no nucleus. ...

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"To clone any animal, Navara says the first step is to take the DNA out of an egg. DNA is the part of a cell that tells it what to do. Then, scientists inject the DNA from the organism they want to clone into that egg and try to get it to divide and grow into an embryo. ... Gene therapy is currently limited because of inefficient vectors, or viruses that convey new genes into cells. A copy of a defective gene is in every cell of the body" (Hoon 1). ...

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A very significant contribution came in 1944 when American Oswald Avery located the nucleic acid DNA as the carrier of genetic information, instead of proteins in the cell. Further insight into this concept came in 1950 when Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase used radioactively labeled E. coli to prove that DNA and not proteins had penetrated interior of cells and was the true carrier of heredity. ... A glass needle was then used to remove the egg's own nucleus, and was replace with the nucleus of the blastula cell. ... He fused a cell from an 8-cell lamb embryo with an enucleated unferti...

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Following introduction into suitable host cells, the recombinant DNA can then be reproduced along with the host cell DNA. ... Cosmids are artificially constructed cloning vectors that carry up to 45 kb of foreign DNA and can be packaged in lambda phage particles for infection into E. coli cells. ... Bacteria are most often used as the host cells for recombinant DNA molecules, but yeast and mammalian cells also are used. 6. ... Cloning extinct animals presents a much greater challenge to scientists because the egg and the surrogate needed to create the cloned embryo would be of a species diff...

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It is recommended that the current policy in place be revised to eliminate these loopholes and rewritten to permit human cloning to take place to generate the tissue and cells needed for therapeutic development and research to take place. ... The basic technique used to clone humans and animals, somatic-cell nuclear transfer, involves the insertion of DNA from a somatic cell into an egg which has had its nucleus removed (Appendix A.2). The egg begins to divide and develop into an embryo which is implanted into the uterus of a surrogate female, where it is carried to term and delivered(Appendix...

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In 1938, Hans Speman proposed cloning a mammal by transplanting an adult cell's nucleus into a fertilized egg. ... Using this process, nuclear DNA from the body cell of a donor frog was injected into the egg cell of a recipient frog whose nuclear genetic material was removed. The fused cells divided just like a normal fertilized egg and formed an embryo that was genetically identical to the donor frog. ... The key to this new procedure was to time the cell cycle of the mammary cell with that of the egg. ... The nucleus of the mammary cell was transferred into the recipient egg. ...

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In order to clone, a cell from an adult mammal is used to grow another, genetically identical clone. The nucleus of the removed cell is removed, and transferred into an egg from which the DNA has been removed. ... An alternative method is to immerse eggs in spermatozoa before bokanovskification makes the resulting embryos into hundreds of identical cloned Gammas, Deltas, and Epsilons. ... Cell structures called telomeres gradually shorten as cells divide and age. ... The premature aging of clones may be linked to the fact that the cells taken from animals have already aged, and when cloned e...

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Since then, Wilmut has succeeded in turning a cows" skin cell into a heart cell. ... Using somatic nuclear transfer, Wilmut and his team of researchers inserted the nucleus of an adult udder cell into a sheep egg cell whose nucleus had been removed. ... Cells would be taken from the human being cloned and the genetic material from these cells would be injected into the egg. ... In addition, the clone would grow from one persons DNA in another persons host egg. The clone would pick up " maternal factors" from the proteins in the egg, altering its development. ...

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"Somatic cell nuclear transfer" refers to the process which the nucleus of a somatic cell of an existing organism is transferred into an oocyte from which the nucleus has been removed" (Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs 1). ... You take an egg and remove its nucleus, which contains the DNA/genes. Then you take the DNA from an adult cell and insert it into the egg, either by fusing the adult cell with the enucleated egg, or by a sophisticated nuclear transfer. You then stimulate the reconstructed egg electrically or chemically and try to make it start to divide and become an embryo. You t...

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Cloning creates the possibility of having a twin or child carrying the exact DNA of another person. ... Cell-based therapy with the fusion of a single nucleus to an egg can treat certain diseases (Andrews, 87). ... When the transfer is made from molecules to cells, the complexity jumps exponentially because molecules can transfer into cells thousands of different ways. ... It would also provide a way safe way for homosexual couples to have children of their own containing each partners DNA. ... "One is vitro fertilization in which the sperm and egg are put together in a lab and surgicall...

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Researchers protected the progress by saying they wanted to use the cloned embryos to harvest stem cells, rather than to create babies. Stem cells can be used to treat an immense amount of diseases, such as: diabetes, strokes, cancer, and AIDS. ... Well cloning allows people to turn any cell into an animal. Instead of injecting DNA into an egg, you can shoot DNA into cells in a petri dish. ...

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Cloning Human Beings Can scientists create a genetic duplicate of a human with the exact same DNA as another human? ... Although, twins look alike, they differ in their thoughts, personality, fingerprints, and DNA. ... In cloning "Technicians remove the genetic material from an egg cell and replace it with DNA from a donor, then grow the embryo in a petri dish until it's ready to be implanted, by the same process routinely used in fertilization clinics."" ... This is not the only case; many families are saving the cells of their dead family members in hopes that one day that may be a...

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In humans, the method would start with a single cell - any cell may do - taken from the adult who wants to be cloned. Using an electrical jolt, scientists would fuse the genes from that cell with a specially treated donor egg cell whose own genes had been removed. That cell would be allowed to grow into an embryo in the laboratory. ... Unlike adult stem cells, embryonic stem cells can develop into any one of more than 200 tissues in the body, from insulin-producing cells that may one day treat diabetes to heart cells that may repair cardiac muscles. ... Maybe the whole cloning issue shouldn&#...

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This means that if human cloning proceeds then the primary method that the scientists are most likely to use is somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). For example "the nucleus from the female donor's egg would be removed to create an enucleated egg which would allow the scientists to "fuse together the cloning subjects cell containing the DNA using electricity." ... However probably the most helpful research and development for humans is the breakthrough with human stem cells. Stem cells can be extracted from embryos or the bone marrow, they are cells that have not yet become spe...

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What the researchers actually did: they took an unfertilized egg cell from a female sheep and removed the entire DNA (genetic information) from the nucleus that is needed to produce an embryo. ... But this was the first time anybody had made adult mammal genes behave like genes in a fertilized egg. ... The technique would involve taking an unfertilized egg from a human female, removing the nucleus that contains the genetic information, and replacing it with the nucleus from a cell " any cell " of the person to be cloned. This egg, with its new nucleus, is then "tricked" into bel...

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The cloning technique is called somatic cell nuclear transfer, the process used to create "Dolly" the sheep. Her DNA was taken from a single cell from her mother's egg, which is fused with a mammary cell. The fused cell soon develops into an embryo. ... The goal is to create an embryo, which contains special kind of undifferentiated cells called embryonic stem cells. They're so named because specialized cells such as heart, liver or brain cells stem from these undifferentiated cells. ...

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The final way is using one parent's DNA. To make a clone this way, scientists first take an egg and remove all of its genetic material. Then the nucleus of a preexisting cell is taken from the individual to be cloned and inserted into the hollowed-out egg. This is known as Somatic cell nuclear transfer. ... There has also been spare body parts made from single cells. ...

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A tumor is, "clones of cells inside an organism because they consist of many replicas of one mutated cell ("What" 1)." ... Then with a spark of electricity they will fuse together the cell that was starved with an enucleated cell (a cell that was taken from a nucleus that contains most of the genetic material that controls growth and development). In Dolly's case the cell was fused with another sheep's egg. ... Nuclear transplantation was used but a few things were done differently, the cell was never starved in a solution and instead of fusing the cell with electrical impulses, i...

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In the basic definition, cloning is accomplished by removing the nucleus of a mature, unfertilized egg and replacing it with a specialized cell from an adult organism. ... Asexual reproduction can use any cloning method to produce children of the couple's own cells or even the cell replicates of another human being. ... Our DNA belongs only to us." ... With this gene type therapy, cells and embryos can be altered to prevent all sorts of life threatening diseases such as Huntington's disease, Cown's syndrome, and other genetic defects or flaws (Pence: Who's 105-6). ....

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