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Cloning


             The definition of a clone is, "a group of genetically identical cells ("What" 1)." An example of a clone that can occur in our own body is a tumor. A tumor is, "clones of cells inside an organism because they consist of many replicas of one mutated cell ("What" 1)." There are many different methods of cloning including blastomere separation, blastocyst division and twinning, or nuclear transplantation (McCuen 11). Blastomere separation is done by removing the outer coating of a two to eight cell embryo, it is then put in a special solution that cause the cells to separate, finally after dividing a couple times the cell develops into a smaller than normal embryo and is ready to be placed in a uterus. The second method blastocyst division occurs when an embryo already at the blastocyst stage is mechanically split into two, it then can be placed in the uterus and a twin is what usually can be the result (McCuen 12). The last method, nuclear transplantation, has been recently used to clone a sheep. This occurs when a cell is taken, placed in a solution, and is starved of all nutrients that will cause it to stop growing for a couple of days. In Dolly's case a cell was taken from the udder of another sheep and then placed in this solution (Milgram 123). Then with a spark of electricity they will fuse together the cell that was starved with an enucleated cell (a cell that was taken from a nucleus that contains most of the genetic material that controls growth and development). In Dolly's case the cell was fused with another sheep's egg. The result fused together and grew into an embryo, which then could be placed in a surrogate mother (Milgram 123). Because the embryos genes came from the nucleus of another being the result will be a clone. .
             Many scientists over many years have attempted to clone some organism, whether it be frogs, sheep, or mice. Robert Briggs and Thomas King made early attempts in 1952.


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