... of the central island (the Citadel) and three vast fortifications protecting it from all sides: Volhyn Fortification (from the south), Terespol Fortification (from the west) and Kobrin Fortification (from the east and north). The outside of the fortress was protected by a curtain (an earthwork with brick casemates inside) - 10 meters high and 6.4 kilometers long - and a bypass moat filled with water. The ... gain the foothold there, they began a spearhead towards the Kobrin Fortification. Only 13 of the 40 soldiers got to the casemates in the curtain wall between the North and the East ...

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• Grade Level: High School

... access more oil, since this is what occurred in the 1950s.6 Stephen Kinzer explains in his book how the U.S. handles business in the Middle East, especially secret operations. Except now, we fight terror instead of communism. It's clear that from the United States getting involved in situations in ... Iran and other neighboring countries that there will always be repercussions and long term effects that take place even years later. The Middle East has always had struggles for power and its foreign policy with the United States was only further damaged with the coup d'état. ... Traditi...

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... chance of success would have been much greater. He could have done this by destroying British influence in the Middle East and use the most precious resource known to war, oil. As Hitler's mistakes are pointed out by Robert Cowley, Robert Cowley could also ... show how Hitler could have won World War II. If he had taken Alexander the Great's path through the Middle East, he could cut off Britain from its most precious jewel, (an interesting pun,) India by capturing the Suez Canal. By deciding to destroy Soviet Russia in ... Cowley, What If, page 298). His pact was more than enough to ...

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... the actions of our closest allies while supporting the Soviets. The invasion was unsuccessful and showed how important the U.S. was to Europe. Austria - one of key issues between west and east was removal of Soviet troops from Austria. When this did finally happen, U.S. did the same thing, it proved to be a slight easing of tensions. Baghdad Pact - a pact created in ... , and Pakistan into a new alliance system. This alliance proved counter-productive as it helped to alienate the Egyptians and other Arab nationalist states, paving way for increased Soviet influence in Middle East. Bandu...

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... . It was built to stop large numbers of defections and to prevent East Berliners from commuting to the West. A lot of suffering began for Germany when World War II started. By the end of the war Germany was in the middle of a disaster waiting to happen. When WWII was over Germany was divided ... . Berlin was also divided into four parts. The Soviet Union was in control of the eastern half of Germany. The Soviet Union made East Berlin the capital of East Germany.The other three counties were each in control of a small part of what was West Germany. These three countries decided that they ...

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... styles of government. Both groups proceeded to attack each other, having a constant fear of one another. This difference in ideology caused some major problems in the Middle East. Israel's defeat over the Arabs caused self-doubt in many of the other Arab nations. In Egypt, it led to a revolution which over through the ... Suez Crisis. The Six-Day War soon followed, in which Israeli forces overran the Sinai Peninsula, the Golan Heights on the Syrian border, and East Jerusalem. The Israelis also ignored the decision of the UN that Jerusalem should be an international city by making it thei...

• Word Count: 576
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... styles of government. Both groups proceeded to attack each other, having a constant fear of one another. This difference in ideology caused some major problems in the Middle East. Israel's defeat over the Arabs caused self-doubt in many of the other Arab nations. In Egypt, it led to a revolution which over through the ... Suez Crisis. The Six-Day War soon followed, in which Israeli forces overran the Sinai Peninsula, the Golan Heights on the Syrian border, and East Jerusalem. The Israelis also ignored the decision of the UN that Jerusalem should be an international city by making it thei...

• Word Count: 576
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• Grade Level: High School

... post war Europe was divided between Western Democracies and Soviet army occupied nations of Eastern Europe. In the middle of it all lay Germany, divided and occupied by the four allies. The Soviet Josef Stalin, seeking to consolidate communist rule in East Europe demanded the Western Allies withdraw from their occupation zones in Berlin. In 1947 the British and American ... Democratic Party won a razor thin victory in parliamentary elections, and Willy Brandt became chancellor. The new government had no intention of changing the Federal Republic Governments policy towards the East. The ...

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Turkmenistan is a country full exciting and wonderful things that most people do not know. Most people do not even know Turkmenistan exists. Turkmenistan is a country located in the Middle East and somewhat in central Asia. They drive on the right side of the road. The nationalities consist of eighty-five percent Turkmen, five percent Uzbek, four percent Russian, and six ... the other is the fight between the Shia and the Sunni (the two branches of the Islamic culture). The Shia Sunni clash consists of almost all of central Asia, the middle east, and northern Africa. This has been happening ...

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... strong, it needed to form an alliance with other communist countries. Also after the war, Germany was divided right through the middle of Berlin, Germany. West Germany was democratic and East Germany was communist. In 1949, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was created under U.S. leadership to defend the west ... against the Soviet Union's military threat. Seventeen European countries, Canada, and the U.S. signed the treaty. Therefore, in 1955 Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union signed the Alliance Treaty in Warsaw, ...

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... changes. the fall of the Berlin wall which will always be remember as the end of "The Cold War". this made west available to the middle east resulting in widespread chaos. Having sustained staggering lose during the war, USSR was determined to establish a buffer zone in eastern Europe. Between 1945 and ... torn heart land. In Germanys pivotal arena. The zones of the allied occupations began to harden into political entities. 1949 the west and east German governments had been organizing and finalizing the division of the continent. Alarmed by the ruthless imposition of communist government...

• Word Count: 485
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... filled with life but Germany has everything and more; culture, people, and their power to reunite with each other after the great separation between the east and the west. The Holocaust is what really stands out in people's minds when they think of Germany, but food and beer always seems to ... in what was called the Cold War. It had broken almost all contact with the western world and refused all the money the U.S. offered. Many East Germans began to move to west Germany. They were trying to escape their government's strict control and find more freedom then they had in their own ... ...

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... child tells him by letter that they must live their own lives. Twelve years later they finally meet again when Konrad arrives as part of an East German scientific delegation. They are now both married and have children, though Konrad has never met his son Alexander. The film concludes with the fall ... not choose the "easy" way out by fleeing to the west. For one Harald and Konrad's family are working class and in stark contrast to the middle-class Sophie and thus could possibly not make a transition to the west. This is starkly highlighted towards the end of the film when Harald has bee...

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... . For a time, there was talk of JFK's running for lieutenant-governor, but in the end he settled on running for the House's Eleventh District, a sprawling area that included much of East Boston and Cambridge. Save for Harvard University and its surroundings, the Eleventh was a poor district, filled with factories, railway yards, and dumps, and teeming with Irish and Italian immigrants. It ... France's ongoing effort to hold onto its colony in Algeria, a stance that endeared him to liberals. On civil rights issues, meanwhile, JFK tried to placate Southern Democrats by hewing to a middle g...

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... between Khrushev and Kennedy in Vienna to after Kennedy and Khrushev were both were both gone from the scene, and a second wall was built to keep East Berliners from coming in contact with the border wall and to lower the number of escapees even more. The Berlin Wall also tells of how people from ... and "for Berliners the Wall is now, therefore, normal." (pg. 283) This book was strictly on politics. It explains why a wall separated East Berlin from West Berlin. Refugees were leaving by the thousands to live in Democratic West Berlin and such a great loss of people threatened the communi...

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... . The dividing line between the Free World and Communism was Germany, which was divided into East Germany controlled by the Soviets, and West Germany, which was part of the Free World. Germany was further slit down the middle by Berlin. In the center of Berlin there stood a wall, which served as a ... dividing point. As Communism neglected more and more citizens in East Berlin, they risked their lives trying to make it to the other side of ... a violent revolution in the former country of Czechoslovakia, where the rebels won and broke away from the USSR. Later that year the wall between...

• Word Count: 1379
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... post war Eastern Germany had Stalin in charge. Some people would argue that Stalin was worse than Hitler, but that is a completely different story. The East took over all of the communist values that we look at the U.S.S.R for. Then we look to the Western half of Germany, which was molded to ... follow the free and democratic ways of the United States, French, and Great Britain. This split of Germany and the ideological differences between the East and the West laid some of the groundwork for the Cold War. In Western Germany, a new style of government was introduced to the people. This w...

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... at the fact that the United States gave the Soviets bad press. Stalin was getting excited because he could almost taste Greece and some of the Middle East. Greece was struggling to make amends after the British decided to stop supporting the Greek government, and they asked the US for assistance. They asked ... had sent to the tsarist areas getting in the hands of Germans or the Bolsheviks. They did not want Japan making an empire in the East. The allies attempted to bring Russia back into the war with German and this made Russia believe that they just wanted more Russians to die. ... ...

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... warhead. The Soviets developed these missiles far sooner than the USA and the fear was that these could be launched from Russian territory and land in the middle of Washington DC. The launch of Sputnik 1 destroyed the American belief that they could deliver a major blow without fear of a nuclear retaliation. American ... with increasing numbers of warheads comes grave consequences. There was once again finally a balance of power by the later part of the 1960's. Both the East and the West had an "equal- amount of warheads and delivery systems. A second strike capability was now also reach...

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... emphasized human rights in the third world and arms control with the Soviet Union. He also successfully negotiated treaties concerning future control of the Panama Canal and peace in the Middle East. The Carter presidency was marked by many failures as well. Carter did not get many of his domestic proposals through Congress and the economy remained sluggish. He also failed to ... solve the energy crisis. Carter was also successful in foreign affairs. In 1978 Carter's plan to hand over the Panama Canal completely to the Panamanian government was ratified. In the Middle East, Carter helpe...

• Word Count: 640
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... find yourself on long stretching plains with low lying hills. While twenty minutes to the west of this mountain range, you can be in the middle of a dense forrest or arctic tundra in Siberia. And towards the southern border of Russia, it is very "all-terrain ", with various mountains ... , hills, and uneven earth everywhere (Central Intelligence Agency, p.1). Russia is located east of Europe and west of North America, so close where some people living in Alaska or islands off of Alaska consider themselves citizens of Russia ... Plan 19 which assumed the initial attack of the Germans woul...

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... to nearly $5 billion in 1982. This makes it a bargain by many standards; the deficit in Canada's annual budget is about six times as much."" This shows that Canada, being only a "middle-power- in the world, spends more than the United Nations, which represents all but four of the world's countries. If it were possible, as a planet, to spend money where it ... echo of the American Charter, which is completely unfair for the diverse, variable world that represents an expansive number of people. This had further added to the conflicts of the East and West. The Security Council, perhaps the...

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• Grade Level: High School

... howitzers began bombarding South Korean military positions on the 38th parallel it would help to speed up the Cold War that was just beginning between the capitalists West and communist East. Near the end of the Second World War, Soviet Forces invaded the Japanese provinces of Manchuria and Korea. When Japan surrendered the U.S. and Soviet Union decided that Korea would be ... asked after the war why he didn't report this he stated, "I honestly believed the tanks were ours. Its very difficult to determine the difference between a T-34 and a M-5 Sherman in the middle of a raining night."...

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• Grade Level: High School

Hungary In 1946 Mr. Winston Churchill warned that an "Iron Curtain" was descending the middle of Europe, the Cold War began. (Cold War) Once allies against Hitler, the Soviet Union and the United States confront each other at the end of WWII. (A Summary of the ... Cold War) The cold war was only a period of competition between countries. There was tension between countries who believed in capitalism and others who believed in communism. The East (capitalist) and the West (communist) made no direct military conflict for the most part because of the reciprocated fear of nuclear warfare. The Co...

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... 1991 Gulf War. The leaders of the Soviet Union decided that the only way to prevent the total collapse of their economy and country was to seize the oil rich Middle East. They also realized that the countries that make up the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), in particular the United States would not stand for this hostile action. Consequently the Soviets ... them and the decisions they make. This is not the story of machines run by artificial intelligence, these are real people, friends, and neighbors of the reader. Bob Toland was a middle-level analyst at the National Securit...

• Word Count: 1342
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• Grade Level: High School