... when the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki laid devastated in its wake. And while these examples and many more like them front the pages of the war's history books, many under-appreciated contributions continue to fade and become forgotten despite their significant roles in the largest war in terms of production, expenses, and lives ... countries and thousands of small revolts. It was represented through out the entire Vietnam War, and it is currently being used by fundamental Iraqis to battle the American occupation in Iraq. Because the Soviet partisans effectively used guerilla warfare a...

• Word Count: 2793
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... intellectual life remained substantially under the control of the ruling party. Party ideology, meanwhile, stressed that socialism had been attained and genuine communism was near (Pious). By the early 1980s, the USSR had become the world's second-ranking industrial power. Its armed might and industrial potential were backed by important scientific advances and by a generally high level ... governments resulted in the establishment of democratic governments. Such action was inspired and guided largely by political philosophers, notably the French philosophers Montesquieu and Jean Jacque...

• Word Count: 6851
• Approx Pages: 27
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... of espionage that deal with situations more intimate than government politics, such as voyeurism, which happens to be illegal, the "nanny cam." Espionage has had a tremendous effect on American history as well as American culture, from the Revolutionary War, to home security, to the New CIA/NSA. Espionage has been in existence for a very, very long time it can first be seen ... ). The Culper Ring was Group that spied for George Washington during American Revolution, including Benjamin Tallmadge, Abraham Woodhull, and Robert Townsend. Spied for Washington throughout the war, mainly in Ne...

• Word Count: 2487
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the purpose of controlling the forces of nature so as to improve the human condition. In this ongoing effort to develop its productive forces, humanity has been remarkably successful; history has been the march of progress. Yet in developing productivity, various social institutions have been created that have introduced exploitation, domination, and other evils; the price humanity ... intellectual life remained substantially under the control of the ruling party. Party ideology, meanwhile, stressed that socialism had been attained and genuine communism was near (Pious). By the early 19...

• Word Count: 2983
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... on other nations to take the initiative in resisting communism."" Ideas such as these would lead to American involvement in the Korean and Vietnam War, and mass hysteria over the spread of communism. By the early 1950s, Americans had become utterly terrified as a result of the Cold War. There were three ... had tested its first atomic weapon a year earlier than anyone had expected they would. This spawned a panic over the idea of a communist conspiracy within American borders. During this time, a man by the name of Whittaker Chambers had become extremely fearful of espionage within the go...

• Word Count: 2810
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... rise to a place of glory taking her seat in the annals of history alongside world powers such as England before her, the Roman Empire, the Grecian Empire of old whom the US borrowed her form government. The Spanish American war opened the door for the US to rise to power globally and ... relatively small, if any, relations with each other, having been at odds for such a long period. The First World War actually began friendly British/American relations similar to that of today. With a sinister feeling that the US should remain neutral throughout the War, Americans were very much against P...

• Word Count: 1715
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... clear in Kennedy's inaugural speech. Toward the end of the war both liberal Democrats and some Republicans called for the complete disengagement from Southeast Asia and the de-militarization of American foreign policy. Also, Congress was calling for a re-distribution of resources in such a way as to prioritize a domestic agenda while significantly scaling back on military spending (433). Prior to the ... -communism was as intense if not greater than even Jacksons. Together however,they became a fearsome combination (Williams 441). Together Jackson and Perle began the crusade against dét...

• Word Count: 3059
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... and exploiting its great wealth. The humiliation of foreigners meddling ! in its internal affairs was keenly felt by a country with an illustrious history and a strong Islamic tradition, and provides a key for undertsanding the fall of the Shah and the turbulent events of 1978-79. In ... Ayatollah Khomeini, from his place of exile in France, gave the opposition movement the colouration of a religious crusade; a crusade against American values, American influence, and the American Shah. Ultimately, the U.S. was blamed for the thousands killed in 1978 by the Iranian army, which was traine...

• Word Count: 2854
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... and by 1952, it had persuaded Britain to accept the principle of oil nationalization. However, the diplomatic efforts failed to resolve the dispute. In early 1953, when the Eisenhower administration came to power in the United States, U.S. feelings toward Iran began to change. The United States now paid closer ... that the world was going to end due to both sides, the Communists and the Allies, having nuclear weapons. Communism was spreading and the American government and people had feared that they would soon be surrounded by Communist countries if something was not done. "Soviet powe...

• Word Count: 3516
• Approx Pages: 14
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... to be financially dependent on the United States. Relying on such a significant economic advantage, and financial dependence on Europe as a whole, American politicians believed that the last word in the postwar world would be behind them. The confidence of the United States in its absolute superiority in ... a light hand of some Soviet politicians did, in our opinion hasty statements, consider that the USSR has reached parity with the US in the early 70s. Detailed analysis shows - that's not true either in the political or economic or military fields. However, a public statement made pa...

• Word Count: 4151
• Approx Pages: 17
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... end, creating "avoidable losses," three times greater than D-Day. His repeated military blunders "assured Germany's loss of the war." In the early stages of the war, Soviet numerical superiority was deceptive, many divisions were criminally undertrained and under-equipped. Conscripted boys and old men from ... lease was "Russia's life-saver." The US supplied $11 billion of material, including 400,000 vehicles and 1.75 million tons of food Rugged American Studebaker trucks "greatly increased the mobility" of Red Army through unforgiving terrain. Stalin himself admitted, that without aid fr...

• Word Count: 2415
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... a passing of the plan by congress, reviving western European industry and self-sustainment by 1950 (Divine 670). This turned into a bonanza for American farmers, miners, and manufacturers that are still important to the growth of international trade today. Tensions among Western Europe, The United States, and ... eventually ground forces on June 30th (Ferrell 112). Several reasons backed Truman in entering the Korean War. Dating back to the end of the American Revolution, interest in China was growing and a large trading vessel was shipped in hope for a large flourishing trade with Chi...

• Word Count: 2478
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... purge of his associates in the Party, when he died on March 5, 1953. Part 1:The Great Terror and the Nazi-Soviet Pact In the early 1930s, a famine developed in the Ukraine; learning of the suffering there, Stalin's wife Nadezhda confronted him, demanding that he remedy the situation. The ... Russia today. This was, not coincidentally, the era when Stalin's "cult of personality" rose to overwhelming prominence in the Soviet Union, as history was rewritten to make him the hero of every circumstance, his writings were handed out to schoolchildren with a reverence once reserved for the Bibl...

• Word Count: 5151
• Approx Pages: 21
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... (YAF) is an organization of college students who are on the conservative Right of the Republican party. Their organization was created in the early 1960's, and continues to be active on many college campuses today. When most people think about the 1960's, especially in regard to protest ... should actively try to rid the world of it. One of the YAF's most successful examples of activism was their campaign to stop American companies from trading with the Soviet Bloc. They used demonstrations, letter-writing campaigns, and boycotts to make their message heard. These were specifically ... s...

• Word Count: 970
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... monopoly of communists over political decisions as many of the countries attempted to reach out to the West and establish market economies. However, it was realized during the early 1990's that the transition to market economies and democracies was laborious thus causing declines in production and inflation in the region. During the latter half of the decade however ... other to enhance work and communal ethics. Even though, Japan stresses on establishing communities based on occupation, it is a highly individualized culture in comparison to many African and Latin American countries. In ...

• Word Count: 4711
• Approx Pages: 19
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... ideals, Russian and Soviet history, and the weakness and strengths of the capitalist system. The Intellectual Climate in which Four Theories was written ∆ The choice to describe a "Soviet" theory rather than a "Marxist" theory tells us that highlighting the contrast between American and Soviet values was a key goal. It also implies a desire to separate liberal, intellectual acceptance of some ... ; Communications was also defined. One type of communication system had served religious and political needs but a new system began to develop out of commercial needs. Printing had been used ...

• Word Count: 1870
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... to the 1970s, it escalated to its highest point under the administrations of Jimmy Carter in the late 1970s and Ronald Reagan in the early 1980s. During this time, the United States pursued an ill-fated policy of detente with the Soviet Union, while the Soviets remained stubbornly ... with the Soviet Union in negotiations directed chiefly by the Soviets. Therefore, Soviet military strength obviously ranked as a top priority for Brezhnev. American foreign policy decision makers were at the time operating under the understanding that the Soviet Union was gaining power. Evidence of this co...

• Word Count: 3267
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... ', Bentham argued, and `the necessity for war no longer follows from a difference of opinion' (Luard 1992: 416). Bentham showed that federal states such as the German Diet, the American Confederation, and the Swiss League were able to transform their identity from one based on conflicting interests to a more peaceful federation. As Bentham famously argued, `between the interests of nations ... a `New International Economic Order' emanating from poorer post?colonial states contained within it the kernel of a liberal defence of justice as fairness. Liberal institutionalism According to the...

• Word Count: 3075
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... of nationalist leaders, in particular Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser. The crisis also highlighted the Cold War climate engulfing the globe. A struggle for both Arab and geographical influence saw American president Dwight Eisenhower and Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev fight for an Egyptian alliance, wielding weapons of promissory fiscal rewards, diplomatic influence, and arms. The Suez crisis undoubtedly resulted in a ... was not the only one to condemn Britain on the international stage. The United Nations saw fit to deploy their first ever-armed peacekeepers to the canal in 1956 ...

• Word Count: 1540
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the small Asia country even though they didn't have suppose of the American people. The Vietnam War is called by many today to be one of the only wars in the history of the United States that they ever been defeated in. The Cold War ended in the late 80's early 90's when the Soviet Union and communist fell and now most of ... of communism in East Germany and in the Soviet Union. The United Nation which was formed after World War II backed the United States. On the Individual level, in the early parts of the Cold War it was a strict hatred and competition between the two countries but in...

• Word Count: 1048
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... of a civil war between the Bolsheviks and a number of opponents (including a considerable number of foreign cadres--among them British, Czech, French, and American detachments). Stalin proved quite successful in this role, delivering large quantities of food from the lower Volga to Moscow and markedly improving the local railroad ... relation of the two countries (Germany and U.S.S.R) had been deteriorating ever since. Hitler was planning on attacking and destroying the Soviet Union from as early as October 18, 1939; though the first signs of his thesis for the U.S.S.R could be traced b...

• Word Count: 7507
• Approx Pages: 30
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... totalitarian state, the opposition also was always illegal until the collapse of the empire with the brief exception of Alexander Kerensky's provisional government in 1917. The dissident movement had a long history of persecutions in Russia starting from Czarist times when great national poets and writers such as Alexander Pushkin, Michael Lermontov, Leo Tolstoy and Fyodr Dostoevsky suffered from censorship which extended ... his eight years in the concentration camp. The extreme severity of their hardships can be observed in Solzhenitsyn's novel: "The narrator describes conditions in the...

• Word Count: 4394
• Approx Pages: 18
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... of a civil war between the Bolsheviks and a number of opponents (including a considerable number of foreign cadres--among them British, Czech, French, and American detachments). Stalin proved quite successful in this role, delivering large quantities of food from the lower Volga to Moscow and markedly improving the local railroad network ... relation of the two countries (Germany and U.S.S.R) had been deteriorating ever since. Hitler was planning on attacking and destroying the Soviet Union from as early as October 18, 1939; though the first signs of his thesis for the U.S.S.R could be t...

• Word Count: 7028
• Approx Pages: 28
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... culmination all hopes, and ascend to permanent glory." He further attributes to Saddam that "The ideology of Baathism calls for relentless struggle, ever-widening conflict, until some ideal culmination of history is achieved. The Baathist ideology makes all agreements arbitrary, just as it makes all legal standards arbitrary and all truth arbitrary." In the fanatical pursuit of the idea, or ideology ... the control of movement within and external to the country all supported Saddam's ability to remain in control and either energize, make fearful, or confuse his subjects. Indoctrination ...

• Word Count: 1359
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate