... small size of the city-states (almost never more than 10,000 citizens). Ancient democracy did not presuppose equality of all individuals; the majority of the populace, notably slaves and women, had no political rights. Athens, the greatest of the city democracies, limited the franchise to native-born citizens. Roman democracy resembled that of the Greeks, although Rome sometimes granted ... is that without a common frame of reference between the two, no comparison would be logically possible without considering an infinite range of possible meanings. With this technical matter aside, t...

• Word Count: 6851
• Approx Pages: 27
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... China. Origins of the Cultural Revolution, which downplays any self-centred motivation on the part of Mao as the minor influence of "resentment" towards his overly ambitious colleagues, is an analysis of the Cultural Revolution typical of the earlier historiographical phases. Along similar lines, and in the Marxist Tradition, Leftist writer and co-founder of Worker's World Party, Sam Marcy, interprets ... its assurances and interpretations, has since heavily influenced the historiography of the Cultural Revolution. New statistics and evidence which it releases are unavoidable in the inte...

• Word Count: 4647
• Approx Pages: 19
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... and superceding state boundaries, the security paradigm nonetheless remained focused on the traditional inter-state and great power conflict. History weighed heavy in the minds of pundits in this new analysis, seeing as power is inevitably brought into balance and ultimately upset; all empires eventually collapse. Policy in this period under both Bush and Clinton largely reflected these fears, pursuing ... uncertainty man inevitably falls back on what is familiar and comfortable without a plan ahead of time, in cases of emergency this trend will always repeat itself. Need an international...

• Word Count: 2113
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... , the proletariat. What the bourgeoisie therefore produces, above all, are its own grave-diggers" (Marx-Engels, 1964:28). Furthermore, in the final analysis with triumph of proletariat this collective shares the same history and in the process like their old masters creates their own grave-diggers monotony and slothfulness. John ... speaks directly of violence when he says that, If the proletariat during its contest with the bourgeoisie is compelled, by the force of circumstances, to organize itself as a class, if, by means of a revolution, it makes itself the ruling class, and, as such, ...

• Word Count: 5382
• Approx Pages: 22
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... for political and economic reforms in East Central Europe. Gorbachev abandoned the "Brezhnev Doctrine- "the Soviet Union's policy of intervening with military force, if necessary, to preserve Communist rule in the region. Instead, he encouraged the local Communist leaders to seek new ways of gaining popular support ... what was later dubbed the "Velvet Revolution."" In Romania, the Communist regime of hardliner Nicolae Ceausescu was overthrown by popular protest and force of arms in December 1989. Soon, the Communist parties of Bulgaria and Albania also ceded power. The revolutions of 19...

• Word Count: 2359
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... of America B. Baruch testified saying: "Thanks to the power of its armed forces, its excellence in the field of economy, its resources and moral force, resulting from the American way of life, America is in a position to assert its leadership of the world. " It must be recognized that ... Nuclear Weapons as an Argument in the Cold War For the world politics has always been a typical situation where the state sought relying on force to spread its influence in the outside world. Terms of manifestations of such activity qualitatively changed when in the arsenals of some countries acquiring ...

• Word Count: 4151
• Approx Pages: 17
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... that shaped his attitudes and behaviour in the decades to follow. The first was the vital importance of a strong, well-equipped military force to deter foreign, especially Soviet, intervention. The other was the political danger of permitting an independent, or charismatic, rival close to the ... through political means. The hawkish Brzezinski, meanwhile, favoured a swift, harsh, military response. Brzezinski was so certain of the validity of his analysis that he actively suppressed a Department of State memorandum, in October 1978, advocating that the Shah should increase political refo...

• Word Count: 2854
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Analysis of the Ukraine Crisis through the Theories of International Relations On February 18th, the Ukrainian Parliament voted against limiting the powers of President ... community was for Russia to cease what they are doing14. If the Western powers adopted a realist approach on foreign policy, the Western powers would have used military force against the invasion of Russia, an approach that in a liberal perspective is a last resort. By staying the path of using economic sanctions against Russia, as well ... rely on this military course, the liberal ideology in Ukraine will fail and wi...

• Word Count: 3290
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... States and the former USSR. The Soviets created the KGB (the Committee for State Security), which acted as the secret police force. In 1947 the United States created the CIA and seven other intelligence-gathering agencies. One of the famous women spies is a Mata Hari, who gathered information for Germany by seducing French officials in the Second World War. The increase of ... example, a miniature microphone no bigger than a match head that can be placed anywhere. At present, the United States and most western countries have the largest amounts of research and data analysis colleted fro...

• Word Count: 1322
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Chechnya has had with Russia in the last 200 years. This will be achieved by applying the framework of greed and grievances to both parties and in depth system- level analysis. After that, Alternative theories will be taken into consideration and analyzed for significance. The first Chechen war was a brief two year military engagement between the Russian Federation and ... effectively dissolved the regional soviet government in Chechnya (Souleimanov). That following month, democratic elections were held resulting in a landslide victory for the NCChP led by former Soviet Air Force genera...

• Word Count: 2137
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... be in some way associated with the Communist Party. Lastly, the influence that the Cold War had on American popular culture is evident through analysis of the popular music of the 1950s. As a result of the Cold War, American popular culture was largely dominated by anti-communist ideals ... and subsequently caused mass paranoia throughout the United States The influence that the cold war was having on America is prevalent through analysis of the literature that was popular throughout the 1950s. Mickey Spillane's books dominated the fictional bestsellers list of the 1950s, with six of ......

• Word Count: 1556
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... present day and, hopefully, someday predicting future totalitarian regimes. To demonstrate this premise, an assessment of Saddam Hussein's regime, using the central elements of Arendt's analysis of totalitarianism, will be presented. To aid in the analysis and discussion, some historical examples will be provided to shed light on Arendt's views and to demonstrate how they applied to Saddam's Iraq. Arendt observed that ... "all propaganda must be popular and its intellectual level must be adjusted to the most limited intelligence of those it is addressed to" (Magstadt 56). Totalitarian m...

• Word Count: 1359
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... of the apples to the branch? Is it the ripeness of the fruit, which without immediate intervention would have caused them to fall, sooner or later? Or, is it the force of gravity, which causes objects to fall downward to earth? When dealing with human events, we find that there are intrinsically similar levels of explanation, from the most concrete to ... inevitable. In the case of the Russian Revolution, such forces existed for many years before 1917 yet the country was relatively stable during the time. An excerpt from Harrison Salisbury's analysis of the pre-Revolutionary period: "Fr...

• Word Count: 2068
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... strategic geometry. Any attempt to analyze the transition from a Cold War system of international relations to a post Cold War one, will incorporate an analysis of the general nature of the system itself, in this case the system of international relations in Asia; of the actors involved and their respective ... . However, our emphasis is on the usefulness of the concept for studying the "transition" from Cold War to post Cold War. This requires an analysis of both systems, in order to assess the process of change. the post-Cold War era: changes in the system Today, we are in ... greater...

• Word Count: 4761
• Approx Pages: 19
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... were designed to alleviate the hardships of motherhood, housewifery, unhappy marriages, illiteracy, ignorance and so on. It is likely a great number of women benefited from such legislation and began to enjoy a superior standard of living; certainly the policies were unprecedented in any other country at this time. ... 1923 as a 32-page monthly journal combining political and economic articles with stories, poems and articles regarding health care and popular science . Women became increasingly aware of themselves and according to some they resolved to break away from the old survivals ...

• Word Count: 1795
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... second wave of feminism which saw more revolutionary demands for the recognition of legal equality ,this wave called more increased economic opportunities for women(tremblay ,pg126,2003). The film begins with the dispassionate, robotic narrator going on about a doomsday device being constructed in the Artic ... the 843rd military base decorated sarcastically with a "peace is our profession- board . General Jack Ripper declaring a "Code Red", sealing off his air force base, and ordering a nuclear attack on Russia. When his assistant, RAF Group Captain Mandrake, advises moderation, Ripper ...

• Word Count: 2476
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... say the Russian war effort was merely a "meat grinder." Zhukov said "war is waged with skill. Not people's lives," technical inferiority of the Red Army meant they were fighting a superior force for much of the war, large casualties were almost inevitable. Numerical advantage was important however it was more the proficient utilization of that advantage that was "key to victory" . Zhukov ... of the entire Soviet people." When men went to war women took up the mantel, by 1944 80% of the Russian land workforce were women , when the tractors broke and the cattle were eaten these women plow...

• Word Count: 2415
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the living and working conditions. There was also a substantial amount of crime. There was extreme discrimination against women. There was a strong sexist attitude and women found it hard to find decent employment, and most women were expected to also take care of household duties as well. Women were also very scarce in government. Relations among the different ethic grouped which lived within the Soviet ... the region of Chechnya, which had declared its independence from Russia in 1991. Since that time Russia had made only minor military efforts to reclaim Chechnya. This use of militar...

• Word Count: 3016
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... missions have come close to the stirring reality of the Iran-Contra Affair. In 1921, Reza Pahlavi, an officer in Iran's only military force, used his troops to support a coup against the government of the Qajar Dynasty. Within four years he had established himself as the most ... Iran's communications and prized railroad. In 1942 the United States, an ally of Britain and the USSR during the war, sent a military force to Iran to help maintain and operate sections of the railroad. The British and Soviet authorities allowed Reza Shah's system to collapse and limited the ... tried for many...

• Word Count: 3516
• Approx Pages: 14
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... chance. Failing to call for the popular elections and a large numbers of Russian soldiers still starving at the front, the revolution began. The start occurred in February when a rally of women seeking food grew into a mass of revolutionary rioters. The key, to the loss of the revolution centered around the government's failure to withdrawal from the world war and to secure ... allowed the troops to return back to their families and farms, the revolution might not have succeeded. Another failure of the government was that it attempted to force the army to disperse the crowds by force. I...

• Word Count: 1024
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

William Shakespeare once said that "All the world's a stage, and all the men and women merely players". It is well-known that it is almost impossible to play a game if one does not fully grasp the rules of such game. That is where the ... are physical safety and material well-being. The differences among them lie in the means offered by each group in order to achieve these goals. Realists advocate domination and military force, if necessary, whereas liberalists offer structured organizations to avoid chaos. World systems theory, environmentalism, feminism and islamism (criticalism) are simil...

• Word Count: 848
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... in the struggle we could not admit to the legality of the Russian occupation of Polish territory in 1939...after the appearance of Russia on our side...we could not force our new and sorely threatened ally to abandon...regions on her frontiers which she had regarded for generations as vital to her security." Churchill concluded by admitting "There ... problem for the Underground Army. German deserters were among the members of gangs adding to their fighting skill. Bandits had organized patrols of their own to loot and pillage. Peasant women and girls took to sleeping outdoors in fields ...

• Word Count: 1728
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... drive towards totalitarianism and also the steps that allowed him to assume this position. From his youth Stalin decided upon the kind of regime he ultimately wished to put in force within Russia. This began when he assumed the name Stalin "man of steel" and it was this vision of him that drove him to lead the revolution that was to ... in the numbers entering and leaving education. Enrolment in higher education trebled. Between 1928 and 1932, 10,000 adult workers enrolled in crash courses in higher education. The proportion of women in education jumped and adult literacy levels drastic...

• Word Count: 2410
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Genius of Humanity," and so on: fear had conditioned the Russians to forego all independent though. But even as the last opposition to Stalin disappeared on the domestic front, a new force was rising to challenge him in the heart of Europe. Adolf Hitler, had taken power in Germany in 1933--in part by playing on anti-Communist feeling--and Hitler's magnum ... rhetoric, eagerly supplying the Germans with raw materials, and even going so far as to return German Communists who had sought sanctuary in the Soviet Union. (These luckless men and women went straight to concentration camps.) All ...

• Word Count: 5151
• Approx Pages: 21
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Soviet expansion."" Truman felt that Eastern Europe had to remain open so the countries could elect their own governments. However, at this time, Poland was transforming into a Soviet state through force and violence. The doctrine emerged in part as a response to Stalin's desire for control of the sea lines connecting to the Mediterranean and the threat of a communist takeover in Greece ... percent two years earlier. Truman acquired the basic idea for this new policy from the American diplomat, George F. Kennan, who warned that the Soviet Union and United States faced "a political force...

• Word Count: 2810
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate