... developments in the understanding of the true motivations behind Mao's "Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution." Series of major world events, the varying analyses of available evidence and general ambiguities on the issue have lead to inconsistencies in the conclusions of historians separated by different times of writing, various political persuasions and schools of thought. This essay summarises several ... about China would have been written in the West. Arthur Waldron has a similar view regarding the changing nature of evidence on Mao's personality, and the following role reversal of...

• Word Count: 4647
• Approx Pages: 19
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... in the 1950s from an approval of press controls and subjugation of individual rights under the regime of Stalin. ∆ The Soviet communist ideology was misinterpreted to reflect a "cult of personality", thus the press was used to reflect Stalin's desires and personal leadership rather than support the revolutionaries' originally outlined goals. ∆ Although the Soviet Union, then, was one ... abject poverty. This dichotomy eventually led to a demand for reform. ∆ Wilbur Schramm, recognizing a distinction between Marxist ideals and the application of these principles in the Soviet Union,...

• Word Count: 1870
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... ;bold," and "genius" leader. The interaction between Stalin and children from the Communist Party became an extremely important key in his cult of the personality. His strategy of communication was often based on gift giving to the Soviet children, particularly in vast celebrations in order to promote his "father" figure among the population. In addition, the cult ... of personality adopted several religious traditions, particularly Christian idolization and devotion to Stalin's effigies. This devotion was absent in the religion itself but was transformed to Stalin. The main ... ...

• Word Count: 806
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... work for the establishment of a new Polish government that represented the Polish people. However, at Yalta, they gave into Stalin. He insisted on the communist dominated Polish Committee of National Liberation that had proclaimed itself the "provisional government of National Unity. When Soviet domination over most of ... at sea between Roosevelt and Churchill in August 1941. It proved to be the ideological base for the United Nations. Poland was seen as a "test-case- of Soviet-Western relations, so Churchill and Roosevelt had to find solutions, or at least, explanations, to satisfy thei...

• Word Count: 2338
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... and divisive ripples throughout the country. External forces, alongside Stalin, can be noted as instruments for change, however, Stalin's signifant impact on the USSR was of more importance in bringing about cohesion and division. Paragraph One - Economic The tremendous economic success of Stalin's Five- ... were justified in preventing threats to his power and enforcing loyalty. Unfortunately, the purges weakened cohesion, fear of arrest had divisive effects on the public. Communist dissidents were a key external element of the purges, however Stalin's decision to implement and enforce...

• Word Count: 1393
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... him as a race that was objectively superior to all of the rest of humanity - in World War I, and to assert his dominance over the world. On the other side were the democratic, capitalist, Western countries, like The United Kingdom, France, and later the United States of America, who entered into the ... capitalism, and equality for all. Even though the war ended in 1945 shortly following the death of Hitler, the marks that the War had left on the continent and the world, both physical and metaphorical, were still fresh at the time that Vaughan Williams was composing his concerto. The firs...

• Word Count: 1089
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... reactor power level fell to less than 1 percent. The power therefore had to be slowly increased. But 30 seconds after the start of the test, there was an unexpected power surge. The reactor's emergency shutdown (which should have halted a chain reaction) failed." The causes of this ... Political tension was probably the chief cause to the failure of the fourth reactor; it definitely was a direct cause of the adverse effect on the people of Chernobyl and the surrounding areas each were affected in similarly destructive ways. One of the biggest downfalls of the government was ... the Sovie...

• Word Count: 1353
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... proletariat was sounded and the thesis of "the state of the whole people". Political and economic failures of previous decades were combined with the concept Stalin's cult of personality. Khrushchev marked four problems with this phenomenon: - Violations of law and mass repression; - Failures and subjective decisions of Stalin during World War II; - Breach of the principle of collective ... visit to the USSR in June 1956, led the country's top leadership to find answers to the problems caused by Khrushchev's speech. On June 30, 1956, the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU,...

• Word Count: 846
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... own interests as well as those of its allies. President Truman took the first steps in this direction in 1947 with the Truman Doctrine, which declared that "totalitarian regimes imposed on free peoples, by direct or indirect aggression, undermine the foundations of international peace and hence the security of the United States."" This initiated the American policy of containment, which ... Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949; NATO provided for the collective security of the United States and Western Europe against any attack. American resolve to uphold this peacetime alliance faced a m...

• Word Count: 1540
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... too overwhelming. His educational background also encouraged him to think it was right to have unlimited power over the Russian people and expected unquestioned obedience. This personality and leadership led to the inadequate laws he implemented on his people, and it was his inability to provide change that pushed the population over the edge and attempt a revolution. The Russo-Japanese war was ... suddenly there were protests and uprising all over the empire, creating utter panic for the Tsar. Acts of rebellion flooded the nation, such as peasants murdering landlords, workers going on s...

• Word Count: 950
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... century five nations, Georgians, Armenians, Azerbaijanis, Abkhazians and Ossetians dominated in Transcaucasus. Historically, they ruled their certain fatherlands and were periodically oppressed by different powerful Empires. Based on the notes of early historians, like Strabon, Plutarch, Claudia Ptolomeo, Artsakh was a part of Armenia with territories south to Kura River. After invention of Christianity in 301 AD and ... the same period opened the first Armenian school at the Amaras Church, Artsakh. Numerous materials of the history of Artsakh are asserted in the notes of Armenian, Pers...

• Word Count: 2599
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... , which may cause increased stability within the state as well as contributing to a hostile free international community. Currently there are no international laws banning nuclear weapons, but there are restrictions on testing these weapons. There is a treaty to ban nuclear testing world wide, to establish inspections, and establish a network of monitoring stations to identify these situations. Thus far, not all ... by larger states towards smaller states to accept arms control is that of India and Pakistan. The global community would find it prudent if India adhered to the Comprehensiv...

• Word Count: 2631
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... industry. Another factor in Hitler's decision was that providing military aid to the Nationalist Army would give him the opportunity to test out his commanders, weapons and tactics. On 27th July, 1936, Adolf Hitler sent the Nationalists 26 German fighter aircraft. He also sent 30 Junkers 52s from Berlin ... first three months of the Non-intervention Agreement sent 90 Italian aircraft and refitted the cruiser Canaris, the largest ship owned by the Nationalists. On 28th November the Italian government signed a secret treaty with the Spanish Nationalists. In return for military aid, the Nat...

• Word Count: 3763
• Approx Pages: 15
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The collapse of the Soviet Union on Christmas Day of 1991 was a great disappointment to the hopes of many revolutionaries. But the question that flusters even the greatest of communist minds is: ... is what destroyed the Soviet Union." Not single-handedly, of course: this was just another major cause. On the twenty-sixth of April 1986, very poorly trained technicians (classic Soviet move to cut corners) decided to undertake a systems test of the fourth reactor at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, at one-thirty in the morning. A surplus ... In the following weeks, tens of thousands of Soviet...

• Word Count: 1148
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The collapse of the Soviet Union on Christmas Day of 1991, was a great disappointment to the hopes of many revolutionaries. But the question that flusters even the greatest of communist minds is: ... is what destroyed the Soviet Union."4 Not single-handedly, of course: this was just another major cause. On the twenty-sixth of April 1986, very poorly trained technicians (classic Soviet move to cut corners) decided to undertake a systems test of the fourth reactor at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, at one-thirty in the morning. A surplus ... the following weeks, tens of thousands of Soviet...

• Word Count: 1148
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... this in its Charter by laying responsibility for the establishment of a system for the regulation of armaments on the Security Counsel (Pauling 1958). Despite the numerous committees that met between 1946 and 1960 no agreement was reached either on general disarmament or on a nuclear test ban treaty. The main reason for the deadlock was the question of international inspection and control, which ... under water and in outer space. It was also recommended that they should consider future plans to stop underground tests as well (Keesing 1972). On August 5 1963 the United States, Britain a...

• Word Count: 2224
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the problem of nuclear proliferation had assumed serious proportions especially when several other nations like Israel, India, South Africa and Brazil were also on the threshold of becoming nuclear states. The nuclear hazards became graver with the passage of each year. Particularly the developing nations felt more ... increasing threat to their safety. The gravity of the problem of nuclear proliferation can be judged from the fact that despite signing the Limited Test Ban Treaty in 1963 the USA, USSR, and UK continued with their underground nuclear explosions. It is estimated that from...

• Word Count: 781
• Approx Pages: 3
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... deep-seated paranoia and a frightened submission to the state--the effects of which are still being felt in Russia today. This was, not coincidentally, the era when Stalin's "cult of personality" rose to overwhelming prominence in the Soviet Union, as history was rewritten to make him the hero of every circumstance, his writings were handed out to schoolchildren with a reverence once ... familiar with Stalin's political cunning. A month later, Germany invaded Poland, igniting the Second World War. Part 2: World War II In a sense, the Nazi-Soviet Pact was a brilliant move on Stalin's part...

• Word Count: 5151
• Approx Pages: 21
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Luard 1992: 416). Bentham showed that federal states such as the German Diet, the American Confederation, and the Swiss League were able to transform their identity from one based on conflicting interests to a more peaceful federation. As Bentham famously argued, `between the interests of nations there is nowhere any real conflict'. But crucially, liberal internationalists " ... collective security were still?born. 2 It was not until the end of the cold war that a collective security system was operationalized, following the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq on 2 August 1990 . An important argu...

• Word Count: 3075
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... not stop immediately. Explicit consideration is given in the aspect of China's political, economic, and agricultural policies and Mao's personal ideology, imposed on both countryside and internal Party in the atmosphere of the cult and fright of Mao. The cause of the famine To examine the cause ... middle period of last century, called "old brother" by Chinese, was considered as the only country China could most trust in and rely on. Soviet Union's social ideology and its economic, political, and agricultural policies to large extent convinced CCP, especially Mao that creating huge incre...

• Word Count: 1146
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... was transformed from a predominantly agricultural land into an industrial-agricultural state. This transformation was carried out under a system of central planning patterned on that of the Soviet Union. Consumer desires were ignored, tight labor discipline was enforced, and living standards were depressed, so that the largest ... , about 10 percent of which are electrified. Budapest is also the seat of the Danube Commission, an eight-nation body that controls traffic on the Danube River, Budapest's Ferihegy Airport handles both domestic and international flights. Malev is the national ai...

• Word Count: 1630
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... to completely agree with all of Lenin's positions, including his advocacy of an "armed revolution" to overthrow the Provisional Government). This decline only proved temporary, however. On November 7, 1917 (October 25 on the Soviet calendar), the Bolsheviks seized power in a relatively bloodless coup, overthrowing the Provisional Government of Alexander Kerensky. Although Stalin apparently had no role in the October ... for a great nation. Stalin transformed Russia, from an underdeveloped nation, to one of thriving industry; he raised the U.S.S.R. to be a world-wide feared and respected...

• Word Count: 7507
• Approx Pages: 30
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... means were questionable. Many factors resulted in the Bolshevik seizure of power, though by far the influence of Lenin's leadership was the greatest factor. On the third of April 1917, with Lenin's return to Russia, he announced a republic for Soviet of Workers, Poor Peasants and Peasants" Deputies, ... the one that demanded that there would no longer be cooperation with the provisional government and was so insistent on the ending of the war. Through sheer force of personality alone, Lenin was able to push forward the revolution. He was not elected to be the Chairman of ... that requ...

• Word Count: 1454
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... to completely agree with all of Lenin's positions, including his advocacy of an "armed revolution" to overthrow the Provisional Government). This decline only proved temporary, however. On November 7, 1917 (October 25 on the Soviet calendar), the Bolsheviks seized power in a relatively bloodless coup, overthrowing the Provisional Government of Alexander Kerensky. Although Stalin apparently had no role in the October ... for a great nation. Stalin transformed Russia, from an underdeveloped nation, to one of thriving industry; he raised the U.S.S.R. to be a world-wide feared and respected...

• Word Count: 7028
• Approx Pages: 28
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... of an allegory is to inform an audience about something whilst at the same time critiquing its contents. In this case, by using such a text type to embody his views on the Russian Revolution, George Orwell satirizes and represents individuals and events in history in his dystopian novel Animal Farm. The use of allegory can be viewed as a simpler and easier ... ...

• Word Count: 849
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate