... campaign of attrition on the Kokoda Track, until replaced by 25th Brigade who slowly forced the Japanese northwards. The 18th Brigade and other Australian units inflicted the first decisive defeat of the Japanese on land in World WarII at Milne Bay and then at Buna and Sanananda in ... the Markham and Ramu Valleys were soon swept clear of Japanese troops. A bloody campaign in the mountains of the Finisterre Ranges followed. The Australian 7th Division returned to Australia in triumph. The troops trained in the Atherton Tablelands in Queensland, preparing for the push to clear the Japanes...

• Word Count: 952
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: High School

... closely managed by the Reserve Bank of Australia. Since that time volume has grown significantly. Increased globalisation and the unique positioning of the Australian economy; with its abundant natural resources Australia is a relativley large exported or raw materials and the reliaance on the domestic economy for ... years ago investors had shunned the Australian markets in favour of other emerging market economies and indeed there own domestic economy that had been performing like a powerhouse. The 1998-2001 bull market was one of the strongest and most socially popular in history. Not...

• Word Count: 665
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: High School

... before we descend to the performance. It is my pleasure, my privilege, NAY! My honor to present to you the final stage of Australian theatre The Second Wave. When veering at the end of the 1970s the New Wave theatre seemed to be exhausting out and an innovative group ... . Called at the time the new 'internationalists', the two ceased to be interested in the idea of an Australian National Identity. Nowra and Sewell were still interested in exploring aspects of Australian history and culture but thought of doing so in a broader international context in which the idea of local 'distinctiven...

• Word Count: 635
• Approx Pages: 3

In 1939, the history on the homefront, Australia changed significantly due to the declaration of WW2. Some changes include the roles Women played, rationing of supplies and ... of the entire force( Carrodus, Delany and Smith 2012, pg 114). This lead to more women organisations being introduced such as the Women's Auxiliary Australian Air force(WAAAF), Women Royal Australian Navy Services(WRANS), Australian Women's Army Services(AWAS) and the Women's Land Army (WLA). In July 1942, the Women's Land Army was officially recognized. This organisation ... It had provided around 90,000 women to wo...

• Word Count: 827
• Approx Pages: 3
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... spirit means strength, courage and resourcefulness. Above all, the ANZAC spirit means loyalty to your comrades and friends. On April 25 1915, tens of thousands of ANZAC (Australian and New Zealand Army Corps) soldiers, along with allies from Britain and France, stormed the beaches of Gallipoli. The aim was to capture the peninsula to clear the ... nor the Turks seemed to be winning. The Turkish forces were not knocked out of the war and the campaign was a terrible failure. More than 8000 Australian soldiers had died during that time and thousands of others had endured horrible wounds or d...

• Word Count: 1088
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

The history of Australian photography is most interesting has paved the way for the ever growing form of art, that is photography. The dream of fixing an image ... what he called a calotype. 1851 Fredric Scott Archer discovered the collodian wet plate process for producing an image. The major influences on Australian photography were the European Pictorialists who emulated the styles of the French impressionist's painters. Australia then attempted to emulate the highlights of ... a black and white image conveying a sentimental, narrative, romantic, picturesque images of Australia. To gain rec...

• Word Count: 410
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the Aborigines to use, enjoy and occupy the land. "In terms of civil law, the High Court appears to acknowledge that indigenous customary law can and does co-exist with Australian common law." (Heinemann, 2000:234) This decision was an acknowledgement of Aboriginal customary law. The High Court concluded that some Aboriginal law survived the colonization process. This was a ... cultures are organic (rather than static), customary law may exist (albeit in an evolved/evolving format) in contemporary communities, as well as in their more traditionally orientated counterparts. As Australian...

• Word Count: 1027
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... , known as the Wombats. Finding information was not easy. There have been many people keen to talk to me about the club's history but very little down on paper. Our club President Bruce Mc Gregor has also run into difficulty due to the lack of recorded ... aware that it in fact started in 1870 and was the oldest rugby club in NSW west of the great divide. There is little known early history of the club apart from archives showing Mudgee Club membership of the Sydney Rugby Football Union club during the years 1874-1876 as found by Mr. ... and Mr. Durrell. The Western team was soundly beat...

• Word Count: 1124
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: High School

To develop an understanding of artworks and the art world in general, it is important to take into consideration the relationship between the artwork, artist, world and audience. By observing a range of artists, this essay will give insight into the influence of historical context and of the audience on the artist's intention, and how the meaning of artworks can change over time. Historical context refers to the conditions that existed in a certain time; it plays a vital role in determining the structure and interpretation of an artwork. Eugene von Guerard, for example, is a colonial artist wh...

• Word Count: 567
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... community. One of the first ever attempts to address some of the problems indigenous people faced was in the form of policy, which nowadays is known as the Stolen Generation. Australian governments, as a practice and as a policy, removed part-Aboriginal children from their mothers, parents, families and communities, often by force. In around 60 years, over 100,000 Aboriginal children were ... of the issues facing Aboriginal Australians, and then respond to the hardships and social disadvantages many of them endured. They also wanted to make people understand the Aboriginal culture and h...

• Word Count: 649
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The film Gallipoli is very useful to a certain degree as an historical source. The main reasons that make this film useful are the fact that it's a fairly accurate movie, the accuracy portrayed in the film and the contrast between qualities of Australian men and death faced in the war. This film is also not useful to a historian because it not only adds but leaves out events in the movie in opposed to what really in the war. Firstly, the accuracy portrayed in the film proved by sources makes it a useful historical source. According to numerous sources, the film is proven to be accurate to a ce...

• Word Count: 478
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... and social prestige. Due to these bonds Australia went to war along with the mother country which proved their strong relationship. In 1941 Australia's relationship with America was proven when Australian soldiers fought arm to arm with US against Axis power. These allied connections changed when America came to the aid of Australians instead of Britain. WW2 impacted the built up ... of the Australian and American bond and are still strong allies in current world while the relationship with UK have relatively decreased. WW2 impacted Australia strongly leaving thousands of lives in sorro...

• Word Count: 665
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: High School

After watching the "Through Australian Eyes", it leads the responders to the feeling of empathy and understanding of the difficulties of deciding who you are. When the composer, Jessie Thandi travels to the home of Sikhs Punjab and joins the special occasion, she then knows a bit of history about the Sikhs, that it is the war with Indian Moslems. She feels sympathy for ... and feels proud of being a Sikhs, she could not accept the way of life of the people in India have got. What she has got in her head is the Australian ideas and thinking. "It's hard to understand things for just a short tim...

• Word Count: 370
• Approx Pages: 1
• Grade Level: High School

... . Golden Circle also owns the Original Juice Co. plant at Mill Park, on Melbourne's northern outskirts, and a fresh fruit packing operation in Griffith, NSW. There are sales offices in each Australian state and also in New Zealand. Obviously there are many natural resources used at Golden Circle. Natural resources such as Apples, Pineapples and many other various fruits are either canned ... (ref appendix 2.2). The products produced from Golden Circle are particularly appealing in the taste. This is proven because Golden Circle products remain among the top 15 on Australia's supermarket ...

• Word Count: 595
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: High School

Brief Ashes History To this day, the most traditional and the fiercest rivalry in test cricket is between Australia and England, they compete bi-annually for crickets ultimate trophy. The Ashes. Although neither ... by RAAF VIP aircraft and escorted to and from Lord's by police escort. Nowadays the Ashes are totally dominated by the Australian's with the Aussies winning the last seven test series, and winning quite comfortably. With this recent domination some Australian's are pushing for the original trophy to be kept in the country of the victorious team. But such as the tradition ... the...

• Word Count: 354
• Approx Pages: 1

Kleeman History Runaway winner. A change in attitude bought Australian footballer Mal Bryant the highest possible reward. The South Mount Barker centerman won the G.S.F.L's highest individual honour, the Henry Kleeman medal for 1994. He also fought off other fancied contenders ... ...

• Word Count: 319
• Approx Pages: 1
• Grade Level: High School

... centuries. The students were very nationalistic in their attitude towards landscape art. They were interested in producing contemporary impressionism that more accurately demonstrated the Australian environment than previous works throughout Australia's history. Influences on the Heidelberg School consisted of; the great artist Louis Buvelot with his knowledge and support of French impressionism and the Barbizon school ... who were practicing impressionist artists working in France. The students demonstrated the Plein air painting technique, painting directly from nature. The Heidelberg...

• Word Count: 831
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... War II. However, for the next five decades she was not similarly recognised by the Australian government merely because she was not fighting for any of the Australian services during the war. The Australian Government only awarded her the Companion of the Order of Australia in 2004. Nancy Wake's ... extraordinary and important experiences have also not been widely appreciated by the Australian public, until recent times. Nancy is not featured frequently in World War II research despite her important role. Even her biographer, ... and one which raises questions about the role of women in ...

• Word Count: 916
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography

... . She ascended the throne of Great Britain, when she was 18. Despite being the Queen of Britain, and a very influential and prominent person, she also had an impact on Australian history. In Australia the most apparent legacy of Queen Victoria's reign is manifested in the names of the two states, Victoria and Queensland. There are also a large number of other important ... connection with Britain because Victoria had been the reigning monarch for over half of the century. In conclusion, Queen Victoria was a prominent British monarch whose death impacted greatly on Australian history at t...

• Word Count: 1192
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... to be the greatest female poet in Australia's history. Nearly all of Wright's poems are typically Australian, she deals with Australian issues and uses rich powerful Australian imagery. Her love of Australia, her ancestry and the environment make her much loved by the Australian community and this is why she is a ... writing about issues which need to be discussed, about stories that need to be told. Wright feels strongly about her ancestry as an Australian and she expresses this through her poetry by telling the stories of Australia, it's land and it's people. "The Graves at Mill ... W...

• Word Count: 742
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: High School

... no selfless act of valour, and no unifying event to bring the nation together. The young men of the day had had drilled into them by history, legend, verse, story and song that real nationhood is forged in battle. Within nine months of the outbreak of the great war, this forging ... What followed the landing at Gallipoli is a story of courage and endurance, of death, and despair, of poor leadership from London, and unsuccessful strategies. The Australian soldiers and the Turks dug in - literally - digging kilometres of trenches, and pinned down each other's forces with sniper fire and sh...

• Word Count: 998
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: High School

... at the time. The Governments policies and practices regarding the removal of children, their treatment and the continuing effects cannot be resolved, despite the occurrence of the National Inquiry. The Australian Government's policy and practice of removing aboriginal children from their families was in place throughout the country during the 1830's until the 1970's. There was a massive impact on Aboriginals ... the responsibility of their predecessors, as well as State and Territory police, churches and non-government agencies make formal apologies. That all schools curriculum includes...

• Word Count: 1115
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... excerpts from soldiers diaries and letters as well as The Official History' by C.E.W.Bean. In this film, I believe Australian's attitudes toward enlistment in the war were very factual. The film showed the enthusiasm and patriotism of many young Australian men and how they were very eager yet blinded by the ... minutes the Turks went back to their positions in the trenches and were able to successfully defend the ANZAC attack. Four waves of Australian were cut down before they reached the enemy line. Many were killed and wounded. Through this scene the film has really captured the ... g...

• Word Count: 801
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: High School

... the Christian faith and key people such as Martin Luther, John Calvin and Ulrich Zwingli contributed to the different denominations of the Catholic Church. Ecumenism is an important issue for Australian Catholics as it prevents the unwanted repeat of Sectarianism and violence amongst different religions. Ecumenism is extremely important in maintaining a unified and 'one' society, unlike the past. ... the emergence of Sectarianism. The East-West division resulted in the Eastern Churches becoming Orthodox (1054). The English reformation saw Protestantism and Anglicanism undergoing fur...

• Word Count: 953
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... and connections which Aboriginal children and families require'. (Bridge, Freeburn, 2001). The concept of Aboriginality is the survival, identity, and the cultural diversity of Australian Aborigines. The Australian Aborigines have been on this Australian land for over 40,000 years. The word ˜Indigenous' refers of the Torres Strait Islanders people and Aboriginal people, though seen as the one word ... they both have different cultures and identities. Throughout it will explore the concept of Aboriginality of the Australian Aborigines, looking at the history of the Aborigines and explor...

• Word Count: 739
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate