... 1517 and 1521. This church was one of the leaders of the Protestant Reformation. The first North American Lutheran congregation was in Wilmington, Delaware in 1638. Heinrich Melchior Muhlenberg founded the first North American regional synod in 1748. Lutherans believe that salvation comes through faith alone. Their sacred writings are the Bible and the Augsburg Confessions (written in 1530). ... Adult baptism and communion are practiced. There are 3.5 million Pentecostals in America. The Presbyterian Church This Church grew out of the Calvinist churches of Switzerland and France. John Kn...

• Word Count: 9202
• Approx Pages: 37
• Grade Level: High School

... focused on issues such as racial profiling, police brutality, hate crimes, and discrimination. For our online encyclopedia entry, click here. The Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights (ACMHR) was founded in Birmingham, Alabama, on 5 June 1956, after Attorney General John Patterson of Alabama outlawed the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in the state. Immediately ... after the disbandment of the NAACP, Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth called a meeting of local ministers and community leaders at Sardis Baptist Church and the ACMHR was founded. Shuttlesworth w...

• Word Count: 6336
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... or rectify this situation. (Ford) In 1950 in Los Angeles, the first homophile political organization or special interest group, The Mattachine Society, was founded by English expat Harry Hay, a musicologist and member of the Communist party USA (CPUSA). Hay is often referred to as the "father ... lived, it was influential in some of the first homosexuality based legal cases in America. It was also the base for other groups founded thereafter, such as the Gay Liberation Front and Daughters of Bilatis, which was the first interest group specifically for lesbians. The Mattachine Society ......

• Word Count: 4166
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• Has Bibliography

... parties that have only one goal. These single-issue parties include the nation's oldest existing third party "the Prohibition Party, which was founded in 1869. The Prohibition Party seeks to prevent the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages in the United States. The fifth type of third ... gain national favor. Examples of this type of third party include the Progressive parties of 1924, 1948, and 1952; the Libertarian Party, which was founded in 1971; and the Reform Party, established in 1995. Political parties in Canada Canada has a combined parliamentary and federal system of g...

• Word Count: 5323
• Approx Pages: 21
• Grade Level: High School

... He revoked the Virginia Company's charter, making Virginia a royal colony under his control. H. Maryland: Catholic Haven 1. Maryland was the second plantation colony but the 4th English colony. It was founded in 1634 by Lord Baltimore. He wanted to make money and provide a refuge for fellow Catholics, who were being persecuted by Protestants. 2. Lord Baltimore and his Catholic relatives owned large ... in 1644. H. New England Spreads Out 1. May 1636, group of Boston Puritans led by Rev. Thomas Hooker moved west into the Connecticut River valley area and into Hartford which was founded i...

• Word Count: 4368
• Approx Pages: 17
• Grade Level: High School

... 1) The old Yoruba cities typically were urban centers with surrounding farmlands that extended outward as much as a dozen miles or more. Both Benin and Oyo are said to have been founded by Ife rulers or descendants of Ife rulers. Benin derived its knowledge of brass casting directly from Ife, and the religious system of divining called Ifa spread from Ife not ... A.D. It appears to have developed into a small kingdom in the late 14th or early 15th century. Some Yoruba traditions say that Oyo was founded by Oranyan, the son or grandson of Oduduwa; other traditions say that Oyo was founde...

• Word Count: 7692
• Approx Pages: 31
• Grade Level: High School

... in the USA and around the world; he wrote many books. Du Sable, Jean-Baptiste-Point Jean-Baptist-Point Du Sable (1750?-1818) was a Haitian-French pioneer and trader; he founded the settlement that would later become Chicago. Estevanico Estevanico (pronounced es-tay-vahn-EE-co), also called Estevan, Esteban, Estebanico, Black Stephen, and Stephen the Moor (1500?-1539) was a Muslim ... for his raid on Harpers Ferry (1859). She spied for the Union during the US Civil War (in South Carolina). After the war, she lived in Auburn, New York, and founded the Harriet Tubman Home for Aged Negroes....

• Word Count: 3305
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: High School

... first started in the United States when Christian abolitionists spoke out against slavery, saying that it wasn't right to keep slaves in a country founded on the basis of freedom. Anti-Slavery movements and abolition movements from great abolitionist helped to end slavery in the United States. Many women ... but it also happened in other countries as well. Antislavery began in the colonial days in the United States. The American Colonization Society was founded in 1817. It led antislavery protests during the early 1800's. Its goal was to send the free slaves to Liberia, Africa. The abo...

• Word Count: 2903
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: High School

... popular because of English soldiers who brought them back from war with the Russians and Turkish. Later after in 1875 R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company was founded, producing chewing tobacco. It was not till the 1900 that cigarettes became the most produced and sold tobacco product in the US. Tobacco interests ... because of English soldiers who brought them back from war with the Russians and Turkish. Later after in 1875 R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company was founded, producing chewing tobacco. It was not till the 1900 that cigarettes became the most produced and sold tobacco product in the US....

• Word Count: 3326
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: High School

... for the yellow, thin tropical fruit that being brought back from Central America. There's a high demand for bananas than ever before. Refer back to the history of bananas; they were founded in Central America and South East Asia, during the 1800's. They were considered one of the most luxury and expensive fruit because of their specific climate requirement, and the lack ... shipment of Keith's banana was succeeded; it was trained to Limon and then by ship shipped to the U.S. In 1899, Keith merged his banana trading company with Boston Fruit Company, founded by Andrew Preston, and establ...

• Word Count: 3191
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... "Islamic" form, it was successively or simultaneously Palestinian, Israeli, Egyptian, Yemeni. It was also endemic, occasional, individual, nationalist or governmental in nature, and it primarily targeted local populations. Founded by Osama bin Laden at the end of the anti-Soviet war in Afghanistan, the al-Qaida brand of terrorism is an entirely new historical phenomenon, quite different in its ... but the Bush Administration has said it will not ratify it, claiming that the Statute is unacceptable unless it exempts American service members and American civilian officials. Another organi...

• Word Count: 4563
• Approx Pages: 18
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... . These acts granted the states public lands that could be sold for the purpose of establishing and maintaining institutions of higher education. Many so-called land-grant state universities were founded during the 19th century as a result of this funding. Today, land-grant colleges include some of the nation's premier state universities. The government also provided some funding for basic ... 14 to 17 were enrolled in high schools. Most of these students were from affluent families. The first publicly supported secondary school in the United States was Boston Latin School, founded in 16...

• Word Count: 7852
• Approx Pages: 31
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... "Islamic" form, it was successively or simultaneously Palestinian, Israeli, Egyptian, Yemeni. It was also endemic, occasional, individual, nationalist or governmental in nature, and it primarily targeted local populations. Founded by Osama bin Laden at the end of the anti-Soviet war in Afghanistan, the al-Qaida brand of terrorism is an entirely new historical phenomenon, quite different in its ... but the Bush Administration has said it will not ratify it, claiming that the Statute is unacceptable unless it exempts American service members and American civilian officials. Another organi...

• Word Count: 4816
• Approx Pages: 19
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... and rape. In the U.S., large numbers of gangs didn't exist until the nineteenth century. An early study by the Illinois State Police noted that a gang called the Forty Thieves was founded in New York about 1820 and this gang was believed to be the first youth gang in the United States (Sheldon, 1997). Early gangs divided themselves primarily among ethnic, racial ... with the Mexican Mafia. Their enemies are the Black Guerilla Family and La Nuestra Familia. The Black Guerilla Family (BGF) is a black male gang. A former Black Panther member George L. Jackson founded the group in 1966 in C...

• Word Count: 4105
• Approx Pages: 16
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... different in each area and careful consideration must be made regarding these areas. The key considerations are as follows: Australia The political system of Australia is one that has been founded in a liberal democratic tradition. Based on the values of religious tolerance, the rule of law, and freedom of speech, Australia's political institutions and common practices reflect North America's, and Britain ... aspect. This will reduce legal costs, and confusion, upon formulation and modification of our existing business models in a foreign market. The political system of Australia is one...

• Word Count: 6484
• Approx Pages: 26
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... countries. Thus, different groups of countries came together and created organizations to regulate trade efficiently. The biggest, and the only international organization with 160 members, World Trade Organization (WTO) was founded in January 1st, 1995. Since then, the organization has been working together to settle disputes and reduce trade tensions and stimulate economic growth and employment (WTO.org). Another trade organization ... , North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) consisting of the United States, Canada, and Mexico, was founded in January 1st, 1994 to eliminate trading ...

• Word Count: 3315
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Islam. Nevertheless, none of the arguments helps in alleviating the problem of terror on the planet. While Islam clerics argue that terrorism is not founded on true Islamic teachings, evangelicals argue that the doctrine of jihad is founded on Islamic scriptures and since it warrants the use of violence by jihadist groups, then Islam is the problem. Some of the leading terror ... ...

• Word Count: 3221
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... and criminal activity in schools. Though there was no statistically significant evidence proving this phenomenon, people acted in fear, taking drastic measures based on a perceived threat that was not yet founded in fact. Considering the controversial nature of Zero Tolerance Policies, academics began to conduct research to measure the efficiency of these disciplinary methods. In a statistical analysis report on violence and ... for environmental and demographic factors. After collecting extensive data from 1,234 public schools in the United States, the analysis showed that the focus on...

• Word Count: 4044
• Approx Pages: 16
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... cases was so revered and ran so deep that images of Rob Roy and Blind Harry were never far away- (Wade, 32). Six Confederate veterans, which were in their twenties, founded the Klan around the time of Christmas of 1865 and June 1866. They had also instigated the typical Klan clothing of a white robe and white "witches- hats that covered their ... ' place as the leader. However, Simmons was not willing to denounce his power so easily, and he brought the Klan through lawsuits, conspiracy, and publicity. Simmons and his assistant, Clarke, founded new, Klan-like organizations until Evans was...

• Word Count: 4391
• Approx Pages: 18
• Has Bibliography

... had proclaimed Vietnam independent, Ho Chi Minh, was a Communist. During the war with the French, Ho Chi Minh took refuge in northern Vietnam and settled there with his followers. He founded the Indochina Communist Party and the Viet Minh. He became the president of North Vietnam from 1945 to 1969. North Vietnam was a poor area and was cut off from the ... to the struggle (1946-54) between the French, who were the rulers of Indochina before World War II, and the Communist-led Vietminh, or League for the Independence of Vietnam, founded and headed by the revolutionary leader Ho Chi Minh....

• Word Count: 3756
• Approx Pages: 15
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... of this home was to rescue nomadic girls from almost certain lives of prostitution. Public asylums for the children of convicts and other destitute or neglected children, such as that founded by the Philanthropic Society in London were proposed in 1786. Records from the report of the Select Committee Appointed by the House of Commons, were concerned with establishing a new police ... color the courts picture of the child and the child's family and to exert a general influence over the outcome of a case (Ibid, p. 295). In 1817, the London philanthropic Society was founded and included in...

• Word Count: 2997
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... device, a lap desk, and an improved type of moldboard plow. His collection of more than 6,400 books became a major part of the Library of Congress. Jefferson revised Virginia's laws and founded its state university. He developed the decimal system of coinage that allows Americans to keep accounts in dollars and cents. He compiled a Manual of Parliamentary Practice and prepared written vocabularies ... express themselves through action. In this address, Emerson proclaimed America's intellectual independence from Europe. In the so-called "Divinity School Address" (1838), Emerson attacked ...

• Word Count: 3135
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... , astonishing population growth and urbanization. The artistic community was called into action, producing whole schools of painting, which glorified the development of the nation. Starting with the Hudson River School founded by Thomas Cole, the nation obtained a visual representation of Manifest Destiny. While the shift to landscape painting in Europe at about the same time was seen as a move away from ... Pacific railroad lines. In the right-hand bottom corner, two men are busy plowing, a symbol of the American agricultural ideal. This way of life, that of the farmers who had founded ...

• Word Count: 3252
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... . In the book, Friedan depicted how the EEOC had failed to enforce the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and how women were kept in low-paying jobs. In 1966 Friedan founded the National Organization for Women (NOW). Some women considered NOW's policies to be too rigid, and in 1969 the more conservative Women's Equality Action League (WEAL) formed. Both groups focused ... most powerful positions and the highest incomes. It is presumed that this has to do with traditional, religious, cultural, and family values. (Diana, 921-923). NOW was a women's rights organization founded in 1966 by Betty Frieda...

• Word Count: 6511
• Approx Pages: 26
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... the establishment and free exercise clause, found clearly expressed in the Constitution. This flawed logic is a disservice to the spirit of American liberty. As a free republic, the United States was founded with the idea that all citizens are equal and entitled to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. And within this pursuit, every American has the right to make choices ... . It is historically ironic that our nation today stands poised to impose religious values on its own citizens when it was this same kind of tyranny that our nation was founded in response to. In the seventeen...

• Word Count: 3207
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate