... terrible. Prisoners were always cold, dirty, and unimaginably hungry. They slaved away every day, with neither rest nor medical supervision. A huge proportion of Gulag inmates simply starved to death during their imprisonment. People were treated like machines, with none of their basic human needs attended to. Stalin used these Gulags as a constant threat to secure his power and ensure minimum opposition. Gulags were ... are made to be broken; ideas have no existence unless harnessed to the chariot of power." Louis Fischer, The Life and Death of Stalin. This statement conflicts with a s...

• Word Count: 2886
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: High School

... as well is the Soviet military machine. The Soviet Union became a super power, the U.S. being the only country more powerful than it. After the death of Stalin in 1953 Nikita Khrushchev became First Secretary of the Communist party. Stalin's death marked the end of supreme power for the head of the party, and Khrushchev condemned Stalin's actions as unnecessary and harmful to the process ... . This lead to the gradual decrease of the life expectancy of a citizen. Poor standards of sanitation and public hygiene lead to an increased annual death rate and a drop in the birth rate. All of th...

• Word Count: 3016
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Death of Détente: Nixon, Carter, and Reagan, 1968-1988 "If we can learn to live together on these issues and work together and negotiate on these we may change the world. In the end, what it has to do with is the survival of the United States and with it, the chance of survival of ... power over executive policy decisions. This made détente an even more attractive proposition for both the president and Congress. One of the great advantages of détente policy, which was a welcome reprieve to the administration as well as liberal Democrats, was the probable reduction in ... relative to ...

• Word Count: 3059
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... growing to be an issue that was led to the Russian revolution. The peasants and the urban workforce were always linked and the growth of politics within this workforce led them to be quickly turned against the government especially the restrictions that the government had set against their protests and ... a few months after Kamenev resigned from the board. The newspaper however remained alive for only 2 years as Trotsky wrote on it. After the failure of the Pravda, Lenin revived a new paper and called it Pravda as the earlier newspaper and this annoyed Trotsky so much that he wrote a let...

• Word Count: 3845
• Approx Pages: 15
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... between the two superpowers. Allen Lynch writes: The strong ideological tone adopted by the Reagan administration in 1981, together with its downgrading of arms control, eventually shattered a strong consensus in Moscow that there were strict limits to hostility intrinsic to the Soviet-American relationship.(3) ... Reaction in Moscow was reluctant and reserved, however in October 1982, one month before his death, he began an renewed awareness of American defense strategies and upgraded Soviet foreign policy in terms of defense towards the United States. However, Brezhnev died in November...

• Word Count: 3267
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the danger in a situation such as the Berlin crisis, one must look beyond the statistics and military buildup and into the mindset of the heads of the powers involved to determine whether war was an viable possibility, or simply a political device. Although allied in World War II, ... into their jurisdiction. The three powers replied that no unilateral treaty could negate their responsibilities and rights in West Berlin, including the right of unhindered access to the city. Although the ultimatum's deadline passed without acquiescence from the West or decisive action from the Soviets, it...

• Word Count: 2678
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: High School

... ). Communism is the doctrine that seeks to liberate the proletariat from all forms of human misery and oppression. "The proletariat is that class in society which lives entirely from the sale of its labor and does not draw profit from any kind of capital; whose weal and woe, whose life and death, whose sole existence depends on the demand for labor -- hence, on the ... changing state of business, on the vagaries of unbridled competition. The proletariat, or the class of proletarians, is, in a word, the working class ... of the 19th century" (http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/COM.ART.HTM ...

• Word Count: 5382
• Approx Pages: 22
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... down the worlds entire population. If America was ever in a serious war, the world's population (especially Russia) knew that the end of the world could come about. The Hiroshima bomb severely angered and worried Stalin as America was now successfully able to call itself the strongest ... no longer support Greece against communist forces, President Truman stepped in with what was called the "Truman Doctrine." The Truman Doctrine was the beginning of American policy for the Cold War. This policy was called "containment": The USA would support any country threatened by communism, so that c...

• Word Count: 3123
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: High School

... North Korea attacked South Korea in 1950. This was viewed as a communist led attack and also a test to see what the Americans or the United Nations would do. A conflict of three years followed with American and Chinese involvement on opposite sides. The political tensions between communist and democratic countries were extremely high and still exist to this day though the ... aid to Turkey and Greece was the moral action to take. Young states that, the doctrine has been seen as the US declaration of Cold War, the end of isolationism and beginning of a policy of support for regimes solel...

• Word Count: 2699
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography

... on the environment. Quite differently behave open systems. They will sooner or later need to establish a balance between its resources and the resources coming from the external environment. The imbalance of resources in certain conditions can lead to a nonlinear system development and even to disaster. So it was in the Cold War. The socialist system did open, integrated into the international ... community and, most importantly, in the opposing capitalist system, in several stages. First it was in the political sphere: participation in the work of the United Nations, bilateral and multi...

• Word Count: 4151
• Approx Pages: 17
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... invasion took place, the Russian forces took over multiple infrastructure buildings, government buildings, and telecommunication posts. This invasion was a strategic move to target Eastern Ukraine where a majority of its citizens were Russian speakers. Since the invasion the tensions have escalated to combat between the anti-Russian Ukrainians and the Russian army. From peaceful protests in Kiev, to combat ... that if Ukraine fell to the Western powers by joining the interstate coalition, the West would be in Russia's backyard, which threatens their security. Russia, acting out of this f...

• Word Count: 3290
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... root from two essential conflicts: firstly, the US-Soviet opposition and secondly, from the 1970s onwards the Sino-Soviet split; and from one essential alliance: the US-Japanese partnership. Each of these bilateral alliances or oppositions affected in some way a third party. "The most well-known and widely debated triangle being the Sino-Soviet-US grouping with at least 4 possible ... long run Japan's ability to counter the geopolitical challenge from China depends on maintaining a robust alliance with the US." Furthermore, in the post Cold War era, the island of Taiwan is reshaping poli...

• Word Count: 4761
• Approx Pages: 19
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... a statement saying that the bombings in Cuba were ". . . carried out by 'Cubans inside Cuba' who were 'in contact with' the top command of the Revolutionary Council . . . ." The New York Times reporter covering the story alluded to something being wrong with the whole situation when he wondered how ... could now take on anyone who interfered with American interests. In late 1958 Castro was still fighting a guerilla war against the corrupt regime of Fulgencio Batista. Before he came to power, there was an incident between his troops and some vacationing American troops from the nearby A...

• Word Count: 4207
• Approx Pages: 17
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... extraordinary performance results from an incredibly efficient architecture design that has been continually refined by the Elbrus team. Over the decades, it turns out that it was often far ahead of Western rivals, introducing cutting-edge technologies such as superscalar design, shared-memory multiprocessing and explicitly parallel instruction computing (EPIC) before similar products. Supercomputer Architect, Boris Babain, who ... , tobacco and some other categories also showed declines. However, machinery showed robust 25% growth and vehicles (passenger cars) even more so, with 96% expa...

• Word Count: 4632
• Approx Pages: 19
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... by Yeltsin employing Soviet-era coercive measures. Paternalism, clientelism, and military intervention prevailed over legal methods and legal institutions. Lilia Shevtsova considers the Chechnyan war a byproduct of the Yeltsin regime's reliance on personal politics. She writes "Yeltsin saw the war as a chance to flex his muscles...neutralize the conflicts within his own regime; ... Federation as a whole in the next section, but note that these concerns are magnified in the peripheral areas that lack developed agricultural and industrial economies. Issues of more effective regional and e...

• Word Count: 4108
• Approx Pages: 16
• Has Bibliography

... economic performance. It is held responsible for maintaining living standards, and for generating the economic growth with which to pay for the sum total of private and public goods. In addition, according to Emy and Hughes, it also supposed to manage and steer the economy. No government can afford ... conditions do not exist in Russia, the legal system remains anti-business and no businessman can count on a legal system that upholds contracts. The theft of Western aid, as we have seen by Shleifer, Hay and the HIID, and by state-favoured gangsters is only further proof that a corrupt go...

• Word Count: 3517
• Approx Pages: 14
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... companies in 1979. This suit alleged that the Veterans Agency had "conspired to disseminate false and misleading information" to veterans about risk of exposure to Agent Orange. The Veterans Agency, however, did maintain that there was no conclusive evidence to prove that Agent Orange was ... the following requirements, which were approved by delegates across the country, were added to the churches standards for ministry: "Since the practice of homosexuality is incompatible with Christian teaching, self-avowed, practicing homosexuals are not to be accepted as candidates, ordained as mini...

• Word Count: 3089
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography

... In 1933, there was a Convention which was not widely ratified after the death of Nansen. It was called the Convention Relating to the International Status of Refugees 1933. The convention sorted among other things to increase the chances of the Russian and Armenian refugees being granted more rights in their respective countries of refuge by providing them with rights to education, employment and travel documents ... documents did not favor many refugees because they were not able to be issued with them. The High Commissioner of Refugees from Germany After the death of Fridtjof Nansen in...

• Word Count: 4488
• Approx Pages: 18
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... from power. Unfortunately, Lenin had yet another stroke that month. This one, however, took away Lenin's ability to speak. Lenin's condition progressively worsened until his death on January 21, 1924. Stalin, upon hearing of Lenin's death, was allegedly in a very joyful and jubilant mood. He had good reason to be -- the major obstacle in his drive for power was gone. The ... arrests, and deportations to labor camps touched virtually every family. Former rivals Zinovyev, Kamenev, and Bukharin admitted to crimes against the state in show trials and were sentenced to death. Untold numbers o...

• Word Count: 7507
• Approx Pages: 30
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... accused Bolsheviks confessed their supposed crimes. Only later did the world discover that these confessions were elicited after long months of psychological torture and physical abuse. All of the confessors were sentenced to death. The following year, another group of old Bolsheviks were subjected to the same treatment. (It is important to note that Stalin stood directly behind these trials--he delegated responsibilities in ... had long since come to regret not having killed his rival, and for years his agents had pursued Trotsky across Europe and South America. With Trotsky's death, t...

• Word Count: 5151
• Approx Pages: 21
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... against the Cultural Revolution. This trend is the result of a combination of world events and outside influences on the interpretations of both generations of the writings of this history. Events casting the Cultural Revolution in a negative light include the influence of the Chinese Communist Party, the rise of Occidentalism, availability of new evidence and the death of Lin Biao. As a modern historian writes from a ... different perspective than one of thirty years ago, needs for different conclusions ... geared against Mao and his policies, and on the most part, this is reflected in ...

• Word Count: 4647
• Approx Pages: 19
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... from power. Unfortunately, Lenin had yet another stroke that month. This one, however, took away Lenin's ability to speak. Lenin's condition progressively worsened until his death on January 21, 1924. Stalin, upon hearing of Lenin's death, was allegedly in a very joyful and jubilant mood. He had good reason to be -- the major obstacle in his drive for power was gone. The ... arrests, and deportations to labor camps touched virtually every family. Former rivals Zinovyev, Kamenev, and Bukharin admitted to crimes against the state in show trials and were sentenced to death. Untold numbers o...

• Word Count: 7028
• Approx Pages: 28
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... both in Dasha's decision to place her own daughter in the children's home as well as her eventual separation from Gleb. As a result of Dasha's sacrificed love for the Soviet cause in place of her daughter, Nurka dies. The death of Nurka is painful for Dasha, but recognized as a necessary adversity. Nurka is a child who was originally born into love but who is incapable ... develop into the New Soviet citizen under new conditions. The tragedy lies not only in Nurka's death, but also in Dasha's conscious knowledge of Nurka's suffering due to a lack of motherly love. As previously mentioned,...

• Word Count: 3036
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... avant-garde member to this day has not gone unnoticed. As significant as Rozanova was to the avant-garde her death marks a time when Suprematism began to fade and the radical roar of Constructivism began to arise. It was here, in 1921 that the initial tribulations towards a down fall in the ... highest form of communist art. His main concern was to demonstrate the ideas of Constructivism and justify it as a contemporary art under the form of Marxism and the Soviet governments ideology. However, after Lenin's death in 1924, art in the eyes of the Soviet government was out of reach to the...

• Word Count: 4641
• Approx Pages: 19
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Soviet society along with the scientific circles. Andrei Sakharov is now known in Russia and abroad as having been the leader of Soviet dissidents starting from the 1960s until his death in 1989. As he writes in his memoirs: "The years 1965-1967 were a turning point in my life. I was heavily involved in demanding scientific work, even as I was approaching a decisive ... unjustly and without legal recourse or appeal, and in which all are doomed. Incarcerated in penal colonies, condemned to exile, isolation, loneliness, illness and death, all his characters are at the mercy of cruel and ...

• Word Count: 4394
• Approx Pages: 18
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate