... wars, price fluctuations of major goods, currency rate fluctuations, etc. The 1990-91 recession was influenced greatly by a few noteworthy factors. Unusual events such as the "credit crunch- and the Persian Gulf War brought on high pressures and lots of extra uncertainty. Along with the external factors this recession was a post ... -war recession. It is worthy to note that though it was a post war recession it posted numbers much milder than the past recessions occurring after World War II. Duration and Diffusion Some economists use three variables duration, diffusion, and depth to meas...

• Word Count: 3070
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: High School

... maintaining Sparta's power and internal stability throughout the period. Although this system had originally brought Sparta to her hegemony in 404 BC with victory over Athens in the Peloponnesian War, flawed elements within her own economic system and the conservative nature of her leaders throughout the period had eventually led to the state's decline. These elements included an imperialistic ... were very rebellious and resented their Spartan masters. It is often stated that the one of main reasons for Sparta's transformation into a military state after the savage second Messenian War...

• Word Count: 2813
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... took all its sense in 1982, when the debt crisis extended to all countries. Moreover, the end of the cold war and the fall of communism in 1988 precipitated the communist countries to adopt a new model of economy. The models that were in place since World ... mission to create an economic stability for a world that suffered of the war but after several years its goal changed and the most powerful economies had the most influence. . Then, different organisms were created to help reducing the gulf between the rich and the poor. The first real organisation that was supposed ... mission to cr...

• Word Count: 6472
• Approx Pages: 26
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... railways, new technology, new infrastructure and techniques of political management, but it mostly benefited the colonizers. When developing states won independence at the end of the Second World War, they were left with significant challenges. Populations had radically lower standards of living than those in the West, production tended to be concentrated in a narrow range of ... vacuum making it difficult to establish stable authority, particularly where national borders had been drawn with a ruler to suit colonial administrators. A combination of guilt, altruism and Cold War geopoliti...

• Word Count: 7309
• Approx Pages: 29
• Grade Level: Graduate

... has detracted from its credibility in Asia and Latin America. Thus events in emerging market countries represent less the final ideological triumph of a liberal approach to globalisation in a post-Cold War era than a spur to rethinking aspects of the neo liberal project. Opposition to the 'convergence thesis'--that macroeconomic indicators and economic policy in the major developed economies are undergoing a ... between the domesticated interior and the anarchical exterior.31 Inside came to embody the possibility of peace, order, security and justice; outside, the absence of what is ach...

• Word Count: 9082
• Approx Pages: 36
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... aid allocations for East Pakistan. Real defence spending hardly risen little over 3 percent per annum in the five years before the 1965 war with India, substantially less than the rate of growth of the economy. The availability of US military assistance probably continued to moderate the ... the army under strict control, even though India's defence expenditure 39 was rising rapidly after its confrontation with China in 1962. Following the war with India in 1965, defence allocations were given high priority and phasing out of US military assistance after 1965 put additional burden on dom...

• Word Count: 3835
• Approx Pages: 15
• Grade Level: High School

... also look at a number of unforeseen factors have contributed to the current economy, the greatest of which would most likely be the September 11tth terrorist attacks, along with the current "War on Terrorism."" The September 11th attacks had a number of economic consequences, ranging from their substantial impact on the travel and tourism industries to their obvious effect on consumer confidence. ... also look at a number of unforeseen factors have contributed to the current economy, the greatest of which would most likely be the September 11tth terrorist attacks, along with the current ...

• Word Count: 7138
• Approx Pages: 29
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... shift away from state entrepreneurship to collaboration with privately owned enterprises, favouring those capable of adopting new technologies and who could contribute to economic growth. In the pre Second World War era this collaboration between state and private sectors took the form of close government ties to the zaibatsu (privately owned industrial empires). The government induced the zaibatsu to invest in ... them the power to supervise competition. However Japan's economy had few sources from which to rebuild industry. Also the measures that resulted from Joseph Dodge's plan to con...

• Word Count: 2570
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... , called Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV), was under the leadership of the Vietnamese Communist Party while the South, called Republic of Vietnam (RVN) was a puppet state under Western control. Civil war ensued. Moreover, the economies of the two evolved in different directions with the North following a Stalinist-Maoist model to construct socialism while the South set on the capitalist path under ... industry development on the basis of agriculture and light industry development as shown in Table 1 and 2 below. According to the plan, Vietnam either had to solve the consequences of t...

• Word Count: 2798
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... He wrote "The Economic Consequences of the Peace". This book attacked the reparation which the Allies demanded from the defeated Central Powers after World War 1 and predicted the breakdown of the Versailles peace settlement. During the 1920's when England had serious economic difficulties Keynes wrote a series of books ... or ten years. Countries such as United States and Japan which had previously imported European goods, and which could not get them during the war had developed new ways of getting the goods, thus European trade suffered. Before Keyne's had developed his theories most ...

• Word Count: 3219
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: High School

... system was highly imperfect; banking on a nationwide scale was new, and the nation suffered from inconvertibility and varying rates of depreciation during the War of 1812 and elimination and then renewal of a Bank of the United States. There had always been men who favored inconvertible paper for ... that case when he believed federal action appropriate. The tariff question was another issue that sprang into prominence during the depression. After the War of 1812, the tariff of 1816 had been enacted with general approval in the national spirit carried over from wartime, and in the ... po...

• Word Count: 3048
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... was an unsalaried lecturer at the University of Vienna. In the summer of 1914 Mises was called back to active duty for World War I. He was a captain with the artillery in the Austro-Hungarian cavalry located on the Eastern front in the Carpathian Mountains, Russian Ukraine, and Crimea ... . Later in the war he served with the Army's General Staff in Vienna working on economic problems until released in 1918. When he returned back he taught a ... until 1973. In 1947 he completed Planned Chaos, and in 1949 he wrote is monumental work, Human Action. When Mises had Human Action published Wor...

• Word Count: 2749
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... its industrialization, France lost control of the natural resource rich Ruhr and Saar regions to Germany in the Franco-Prussian war. This meant France lost its industrialized centers and had to re-establish them elsewhere in the country. Britain was insulated from the effects of ... war in both these conflicts, removing a potential cause for industrial set back. The government in Britain, unlike that in France, was ... hand, Britain seems to have faltered and lost its lead completely, while France managed to raise its standing. After World War Two, Germany was divided into East and West...

• Word Count: 3802
• Approx Pages: 15
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... on how his theory is going to evolve. Friedman first idea he exposes is the fact that the world has change since the end of he cold war. He calls it the post cold-war era which has its origin from the Soviet Union and the United States conflict. Friedman assumes this conflict was a clash of economics model where the most productive ... something in common that will be their desire to augment the value of their country. As the writer continues to develop his ideas he argues that there has not been a war between any country that has accepted the McDonalds franchise. This is what he calls ...

• Word Count: 2593
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... globalization removes borders drawn by history, ethnicity, religion and language when different people with different cultures migrate, bringing their own cultures into the new country. This will decrease conflicts and war that occur due to territorial issues. Second, globalization increases the immigration rate and immigrants become a large part of the working force to increase many countries' economy. Migration has been ... , conflicts like this can be slowly, but effectively eradicated. When nations decide to disregard boundaries drawn by history, culture, language, and religion, there...

• Word Count: 3315
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the Russian economy only underlines the weakness of this emerging economy. Reasons for Current Economy With the fall of the Berlin wall in 1989, and the end of the Cold War, the West was eager to support Russia and all of the former Eastern Block countries in the transition to Capitalism and democracy. In the article "Money can't buy me love ... would place the world's sixth-most-populous country, a nuclear superpower and a permanent member of the UN Security Council in the company of such countries as Afghanistan and the Congo - poor war-ridden places, some barely existing as states". ...

• Word Count: 4431
• Approx Pages: 18
• Has Bibliography

... as a result multinational trading companies were established internationally. There was also FDI in the exploitation and the distribution of petroleum, agriculture, raw materials and manufacturing. When the First World War out-broke in 1914, manufacturing was undertaken in a wide range of products. The following graph depicts the estimated distribution of accumulated world FDI by sector in 1914 : The following ... growth of international business. The trade protectionism of that century, in other words the trade barriers, which stimulated market orientated FDI by discouraging exports. For...

• Word Count: 4705
• Approx Pages: 19
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... . If the government was going to earn less revenue, it would have to cut back spending to match it. One problem was that the Reagan Administration was fighting the Cold War, trying to outspend the Soviets in the military, making ours far superior to theirs and giving them no hope for victory. The tactic worked, because at one point Russia was ... a new tax bracket. The lower rate was set at 15%, and the top rate was reduced to 28%, lower than it is today.19 This was all during the Cold War, when Reagan was almost giving the military a blank check to spend tax dollars. With the tax cuts i...

• Word Count: 3958
• Approx Pages: 16
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

Brief Economic History and Government Policy Korea was one of the poorest countries in world after experiencing two wars. World War II and Korean war (1950 ~ 1953). The country even experienced a food shortage so that it had to heavily rely on the foreign aid. Yearly per capita consumption was a mere $88 as late as 1965. ... 's successful story. Among those, the strong role of government would be probably the most important one. At the same time, this would be also responsible for current recession. After Koran war, the government in fact had no sense of direction and also due to the unstable...

• Word Count: 2573
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... of income that could be generated was needed. There was also a substantial rise in the women's labor force during World War II when the men went off to war and the women were needed in the factories. But when the men returned from war, there was a considerable decline in the women's labor force as the men reclaimed the jobs that were once theirs ... ...

• Word Count: 3329
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... instability in the capital market by encouraging conflict and thwarting capitalist investment. In 1841, the government of Britain proclaimed itself as the global leader of the liberal world and declared war on the illegal movement and trade of narcotics. The episode of globalization developed under the British because of the military ability and high market forces. The British and other colonial ... policies of free trade and the policies existed for a short time before they diminished. The creator of free trade, Britain introduced tariffs and abandoned free trade. The duration of World...

• Word Count: 2557
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... alternatives to development. Rather than disavowing aims to improve or ameliorate the livelihoods of people, what post-development thinkers mean is the rejection of what Matthews calls the post-World War II (WWII) development projects. Cognizant of the lack of post-development focused literature on African development, Matthews provides compelling evidence for post-development theorists to focus their attention on the ... " is not expressing the true intent of post-development thinkers. The development referred to in this phrase more accurately describes the structure of development cham...

• Word Count: 3546
• Approx Pages: 14
• Grade Level: Graduate

... imperialism would not be made again. The ability of democracy to evolve and its habit of appeasing international corporations brought the beginning of a new era of economic expansion. After World War II, 3 institutions were created in an effort to promote democracy or rather capitalism and globalization. These institutions inspired international corporations and financial giants consisted of the World Trade Organization (WTO ... 9/11 the President of the United States of America gave the words of encouragement, "Keep going to the malls and spend money." Recently, the unbelievable notion...

• Word Count: 2659
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... cluster theory. Despite this, classical economics of specialisation and comparative advantages stands in contrast to neoclassical economics of localisation leading to a competitive advantage. The dominant view in the post-World War II period rested on endowments of generic factors of production (e.g., natural resources, capital, labour). In this thinking, competition is driven by cost, and cost depends on the cost of inputs ... or inventions Dramatic shifts in exchange rates or sudden price shocks affecting inputs (e.g. the 1973 oil crisis) Sudden changes in world demand or sudden shift...

• Word Count: 4507
• Approx Pages: 18
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... decade, and are now living under very precarious conditions. In 1979 the government was replaced and during the last ten years the government took a downturn as result of the civil war. Many properties, both industrial and agricultural and the entire banking system were eventually nationalized as well. Small farms, service enterprises and other industries remained in private hands. Foreign trade and ... to adopt free-market reforms, privatize industries, restore property to former owners, and drop the international lawsuit that the Sandinista government had brought against the United St...

• Word Count: 4098
• Approx Pages: 16
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School