... formed a small ruffle. Eventually this became a separate and more prominent item of clothing. It was usually very wide, stiff and often made of lace. This became one of the most distinctive features of costume during the second half of the century. Doublets featured higher necklines and a row of small square flaps called pecadils around the waist. Sleeves were padded though they were shaped closely to ... by a device made from long pieces of wood or whalebone called a busk. These were sewn into casings within the stays. V-shaped gowns called a stomacher featured a removable busk that cou...

• Word Count: 4939
• Approx Pages: 20
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... Durand, 2006). The causes of alcoholism can be attributed either to genetic or environmental factors. Children of alcoholics have a 50-60% chance of becoming alcoholic according to Barlow and Durand (2006). They have a higher tolerance for alcohol intake than most people. The child's alcohol dependence can also ... be due in part to the fact that throughout childhood, alcohol was habitually around, which is an environmental factor (Barlow and Durand, 2006). There are two main treatment methods for alcoholism that are the source of controversy today. ... Milles (2004), the researchers s...

• Word Count: 2703
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... produce them for developed countries. The decline in export earning combined with surging energy costs led to a pressing need for cash in developing countries. The net result was the so-called debt crisis of the early 1980s in which indebted developing countries were barely able to pay their interests. From 1970 to 1984, the total indebtedness ... like welfare, education and health service. SAPs was one among the programs that received most criticism, for its causing partial loss in national sovereignty for the debtor nations. Most of the changes that it imposed on developing nations hu...

• Word Count: 2819
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... then noticed three blind men at the road's edge. He stopped the elephant and called to the three, "Would the three of you be so kind as to help us on this beautiful morning?" The three nodded, "Yes." "Please, come over and feel this elephant, and tell us what it is like." The three made their way to the road and began. The ... healthy food, drinking clean fresh water, minding hygiene, etc. In a word, being physically healthy implies following what is called "a healthy way of living". That is quite simple, so I would like to move to a more complex point of morally healthy personality. I ...

• Word Count: 3763
• Approx Pages: 15
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... spread to engulf the whole of Europe. It was a war that had been unwitnessed in the history of mankind and resulted in the deaths of millions and the subsequent downfall of the old world order. On what exactly caused the Great War or World War 1 as it is also called, has been debated by historians of the past and present. Two major causes of the war could be argued ... . One of which is due to the growing opposition ... of nationalists to imperial control. This could particularly be seen in the Balkan region the friction between Austria-Hungarian Empire ... ...

• Word Count: 2969
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... under moderation? According to Medical News Today, a raw food diet is the "consumption of unprocessed, whole plant based, ideally organic foods." These foods are a selection of fruits, vegetables, nuts, and legumes. This philosophy of only eating raw food is called raw foodism. A person's diet should consist of 2/3rds of uncooked food. There are people that are considered raw foodist who strictly follow the raw ... acquire this from eating plants. Calcium is super essential to our health and is found 99% in our bones. If we aren't getting enough calcium, it will be taken from your bones...

• Word Count: 2948
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... own rights and freedom against the ruling authority. So it can be mentioned that the Treaty of Verdun, 843 was also the foundation for the fight of the common men for their equal rights. Significance of Treaty of Verdun and development of Independent Nations In the history of modern Europe the significance of treaty of Verdun is immense. In view of several historian struggle for existence-this well-known fact ... empires and authority. The fight for so called supremacy of one individual over another among Charlemagne's children in the past was the main reason behind the change in the sh...

• Word Count: 3025
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... as there have always been social divisions between classes there have also existed a hierarchy in alcohol and its social consumptions. In the case of the Gin Panic it was viewed, by the higher classes, as ruining the social structure of their communities. Eventually, the social panic becomes a political problem and the governments have to step in and either regulates the production, distribution ... the age's end, countries like Belgium and the Netherlands banned the drink, international pressures from doctors and researchers where influencing France to follow but as a report called Absi...

• Word Count: 3023
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography

... mean then the insulted welfare state? Despite the fact that the welfare state has endured numerous setbacks, it additionally has numerous accomplishments surprisingly. The social welfare state is Europe's extraordinary accomplishment that recognizes it from whatever is left of the world. It is a vital part of the European thought. Indeed, even European Nazism and Fascism needed to name their frameworks social. The ... the entire property was nationalized. All that was deleted remains in this status for a long period of tragic and not returned to the Jewish community. Restitution process...

• Word Count: 2529
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Emperors from 1885 to 1917 and this did not solve their problem. There was later, in 1927, a nationalist-lead group called the Viet Nam Quoc Dan Dang, the Indochina Communist Party whose aim was to overthrow the French, and the rise of two religious groups who attracted nationalists support. It is no surprise then, that the Empire was slowly falling into decline, but ... . Taking a rather different approach to deal with the rise in nationalism spread in Indonesia by the Japanese intriguers and Indonesian collaborators, the Dutch saw it fit to take military action whilst effectively makin...

• Word Count: 4015
• Approx Pages: 16
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... father was God and whose mother the Holy Ghost. In this imagery, the church was born in the savior's side wound, betrothed to Christ in Holy Communion, making it the daughter-in-law of both God the Father and the Holy Ghost (Price, 57). Missionaries were taught to not involve themselves with politics or commerce in the colonies, although this did not ... the Common Council to petition for the Governor to prohibit the Moravians from baptizing their converts. The Governor refused to be drawn into this plot, so false charges of robbery were raised up against the Brethren. To clear themselv...

• Word Count: 2973
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography

... the events which triggered it were set in motion nearly one hundred years prior to the first declarations by the 1815 Congress of Vienna. The defeat of Napoleon and the French brought about the beginning of the Congress of Vienne. The Congress was called in order to restore the balance of power in Europe, and ... that they must prevent the annexation by Austria-Hungary, or forever give up their hopes. Sooon after the proclamation of annexation was made by the Dual Monarchy, the Serbs instantly called a portion of their reservists to colors, and lodged a protest with the powers demanding...

• Word Count: 3275
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... criminal world. This movie takes you on a journey through the life of crime, confusion and fear that for most can only be found in the theater. The movie begins with several separate stories that seem ever so twisted and unrelated to one another, yet very captivating. Slowly, as the plot unfolds these dissimilar tales become woven into a solitary fascinating fable where you ... relationship between sexuality and crime. An oddity is that, DeSade isn't exceptionally graphic. However, his book may disgust us, predominantly when one first initiates to read it. I can think of books with inco...

• Word Count: 4503
• Approx Pages: 18
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... criminal world. This movie takes you on a journey through the life of crime, confusion and fear that for most can only be found in the theater. The movie begins with several separate stories that seem ever so twisted and unrelated to one another, yet very captivating. Slowly, as the plot unfolds these dissimilar tales become woven into a solitary fascinating fable where you ... relationship between sexuality and crime. An oddity is that, DeSade isn't exceptionally graphic. However, his book may disgust us, predominantly when one first initiates to read it. I can think of books with inco...

• Word Count: 4506
• Approx Pages: 18
• Grade Level: High School

... centuries in Europe. They committed various forms of theft and robbery, along with extortion and rape. In the U.S., large numbers of gangs didn't exist until the nineteenth century. An early study by the Illinois State Police noted that a gang called the Forty Thieves was founded in New ... . He sees the family and the community as the underlying factor of a child's social, emotional and physical needs. The family is the source of love, guidance and protection. If the family is absent it is only logical that the child will need to go elsewhere to fulfill these needs. Often times ... ther...

• Word Count: 4105
• Approx Pages: 16
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... did not work because the English Channel was filled with the British navel fleet. He returned to Paris, withdrawing from his command.(Encylopedia of World Biography, 245) The Battle of Paris took place in the spring of 1797. Napoleon was called upon to hold the Austrian forces at Paris, while another French army invaded the Austrian Republic. (World Book, 18)Napoleon was given only ... .(Encarta, 1) Napoleon devised a new military strategy that worked efficiently on the battlefield. Napoleon's strategy called for a large reserve of troops to hold back and wait for the enemy to attack. Na...

• Word Count: 2964
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: High School

... until he was overcome by the moderates, who came back with a fury and finally drove a republican constitution to approval by the National Convention. The bourgeois (mainly the men of property) was well satisfied by their Directory as they called it, because it granted them more economic freedom and leading political powers, but could they handle the responsibilities they had won at so great a cost ... at government and their republic floundered. A wise and ambitious general named Napoleon Bonaparte staged a coup d" etat to take control of France and create a virtual Dictatorship. Napoleon...

• Word Count: 4395
• Approx Pages: 18
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... (Barstow, 1994 p.106). The Pappenheimer family was held, tortured and battered with questions and, "Anna finally confessed to flying on a piece of wood to meet the devil, having sex with her demon lover- (Barstow, 1994 143). Four adults within the Pappenheimer family were sentenced with ... in many cases, an even more excruciating death, and because torture allowed men to make sexual advances on women, the results of it extended beyond the question of whether or not one was a practicing witch. The point was made, and according to Barstow (1994), following the Pappenheimer ... the execut...

• Word Count: 3282
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... muscle in order to significantly reduce testosterone levels (Bertrand, 1999). This drug, triptorelin, reduces the testosterone levels by limiting the emission of luteinizing hormones (Bradford, June 1998). It was used in a study of 30 men that all had a history of paraphilia. The Israeli researchers discovered that there was a decrease in deviant sexual Green 7 behavior and fantasy and their serum testosterone concentration ... since it is used as a birch control method. Studies have shown that weekly injections of Depo can drop recidivism rates from 90% to as low as 2% (Meisenkothen, 19...

• Word Count: 3037
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Though not his original intent, Luther's reforms birthed a German Protestant Church, separate and distinct from the Catholics. This new division of Christianity brought with it a new line of fresh thinking, one of realism that abandoned old superstitions in favor of a sober, serious, rational, and "true" Christianity. In addition, the Reformation altered the manner in which people placed power. While ... , the difference between classes also rose and in many countries the middle class effectively disappeared. The problem of classifying Indians also became a great point of contention, as ...

• Word Count: 2887
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... 's interests and attacked America's allies. The US was afraid that the situation with the Axis could escalate so far that the Axis could take over the world or a good portion of it. By now, Japan had attacked Manchuria, China and many islands surrounding Japan. Italy had invaded Ethiopia, Albania and Northern Africa. Germany had control over the Rhineland, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria and ... United States would not do anything to stop the Japanese, but condemn them and assault them verbally. When the Japanese attacked and killed many people on a US gunboat in Asia called the Panay, t...

• Word Count: 2883
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: High School

... the peasants had produced from their land over the course of the year called a "tithe". (classicalscore.com) The church did many things to help and improve the Middle Ages. As a result of the churches work it became both rich and influential. Anyone who was suspected of disagreeing with the Church's teachings was called a heretic and burnt at the stake. By the late Middle Ages the church ... devil. Because the were thought to be connected with the devil the Christian church soon started a campaign to get rid of these so called witches and started the witch hunt. It lasted over 75 years....

• Word Count: 3804
• Approx Pages: 15
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... . In 1933, there was a Convention which was not widely ratified after the death of Nansen. It was called the Convention Relating to the International Status of Refugees 1933. The convention sorted among other things to increase the chances of the Russian and Armenian refugees being granted more rights in their respective countries of refuge by providing them with rights to education, employment and travel documents. This ... remained the case until 1938 when the same type of convention was drafted for the German and Austrian refugees. This time, it is called "Convention Concerning the St...

• Word Count: 4488
• Approx Pages: 18
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... that Asian music had on him. America, of all the western countries, had unknowingly become the most eager participant in the development of gamelan outside of Indonesia thanks to pioneering composers and the newly formed field of study called ethnomusicology. Jaap Kunst is known by many as the father of ethnomusicology, be he actually never studied gamelan. It was his student Ki Mantle Hood who ... witnessed the first appearance of a non Indonesian, real gamelan ensemble to perform on a ... one that started the tradition. The piece by Vitale that I have included as track 10 is called Kha...

• Word Count: 2643
• Approx Pages: 11

... the German Constitution, we postwar-Germans experienced that a constitution − our constitution, the so-called Grundgesetz (basic law) may become and indeed did become the one and only base and source for an astonishingly good course: for prosperity, for peaceful settlement of social conflicts and cultural agreements. It took some time for that Grundgesetz to win support among its West German population, the ... now with that forthcoming Convention on the Future of Europe"? To be clear, again: We shall not get the word constitution", but we may get something similar to what Louis XVIII...

• Word Count: 5120
• Approx Pages: 20
• Grade Level: High School