... over 830, well below the national average for all who took the test. Asians and whites, by contrast, needed a 3.8 GPA or an SAT above 1,200 to have better than 90% chance of admission [in 1996]" (Thernstrom). In 1997, the UCLA School of Medicine had over 5,000 applicants for only 200 seats. Out of 4675 applicants who checked the "white" or "asian" box ... Admission Test) scores for the Asians and whites were 3.79 and 11.6, respectively compared with the average scores of the blacks and Hispanics as being 3.42 GPA and an MCAT score of 9.8 ("Being the right race..."). With just these two ...

• Word Count: 2072
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... who scores 117 from entering a program for the gifted and talented that requires participants to have I.Q.s of 130 - even though that student's "true score" could well be 130. (690) Thus, standardized testing has only compounded the problems involved in educating minorities. There are no variables within these tests ... to accommodate the varied needs of individual students. The Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) was developed in the 1920's and 1930's to determine entrance into colleges and universities but is now widely used as a barometer to measure ... school success (Fantini 78). Leon ...

• Word Count: 6633
• Approx Pages: 27

... the school based on its racial preferences. The following year in nineteen ninety-seven, two other white students with good grades and high SAT scores were also denied admission at the University of Michigan. All three students took their case against the University of Michigan to the ... According to Lino A. Graglia, who is a professor at the University of Texas at Austin, black high-school seniors, on average, have a combined SAT score about two-hundred points lower than that of white high-school seniors. In nineteen ninety-six, the American Lawyer reported that only forty-five Hispan...

• Word Count: 1147
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the school based on its racial preferences. The following year in nineteen ninety-seven, two other white students with good grades and high SAT scores were also denied admission at the University of Michigan. All three students took their case against the University of Michigan to the ... According to Lino A. Graglia, who is a professor at the University of Texas at Austin, black high-school seniors, on average, have a combined SAT score about two-hundred points lower than that of white high-school seniors. In nineteen ninety-six, the American Lawyer reported that only forty-five Hispan...

• Word Count: 1147
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... for the Third Circuit affirmed in part and reversed in part, upholding all of the regulations except for the husband notification requirement. Then-Circuit Judge Samuel Alito sat on that three-judge appellate panel and dissented from the court's invalidation of that requirement (Planned Parenthood v. Casey, para. 7). The U.S. Supreme Court's deliberation at the conference of the judges two days after oral argument, Justice ... Gynecologists, 476 U.S. 747 (1986), each of which applied "strict scrutiny" to abortion restrictions. Applying this new standard to the Pennsylvania Act under cha...

• Word Count: 3333
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... preference at the expense of poor whites with stronger academic credentials (Cultural)." This is even more evident in a report by the Center for Equal Opportunity, the report states that "median SAT scores for white students admitted to the Naval Academy in 1995 were 580 in verbal and 610 in math versus 510 in verbal and 590 in math for blacks admitted ... receive preferential treatment at the expense of more qualified whites? Minorities assert that College Board testing is not subjective and is biased towards whites. However, "independent studies show that the SAT predicts college perf...

• Word Count: 2004
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... first recognized and the courts ruled unconstitutional to use a quota system. This ruling still provided a good opportunity to attract a diverse student body, but many minorities were not making the acceptable SAT score to enroll in the finer schools in the country. The University of Michigan has received a great deal of publicity with the lawsuits concerning racial discrimination. The cases of Grutter vs ... programs can amount to unconstitutional reverse discrimination, and even harm those they seek to advance. This special interest in diverse student body in higher education has even...

• Word Count: 1980
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... it only fair that a person be accepted based on their achievements and academic progress. For example, I know somebody that got into Brigham Young University with a 3.3 to 3.4 GPA and below a 900 SAT score just because he claimed Pacific Islander. Now BYU is a hard school to get into that usually requires at least a 3.8 GPA and above 1200 ... SAT. There is something wrong with that. Over the years, our society has evolved from openly racist to discretely racist. I would like to see some type of Affirmative Action but without ... ...

• Word Count: 1025
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: High School

... line-up from the police perspective. "How did I do?" Miranda asked Cooley when he was being taken to a sterile interrogation room. "You flunked," Cooley lied. The two officers and Miranda sat down in Interrogation Room 2, a small soundproofed room with three chairs - two on one side and one (for the suspect) on the other. At no point was Miranda advised of his ... him as an innocent man trapped by a crooked justice system, but instead concentrated on the Constitutional questions that the high court would be asked to resolve. When Flynn and Frank sat down to put together their request fo...

• Word Count: 4161
• Approx Pages: 17
• Grade Level: High School

... exercised to ensure that it does not violate the separation of powers principal. Scalia argued that case laws have established that there are three basic elements for satisfying the standing requirement. First, the plaintiff must have suffered an injury in fact which is an invasion of a legally protected interest. The interest must be concrete and particularized and actual or imminent, ... the rate of extinction of endangered and threatened species. Due to the type of standing sought, Scalia argued that the respondents would naturally have a difficult challenge satisfying the standing r...

• Word Count: 1662
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... race. If you have lower standards for one group compared to another, you end up with lower results." A way out of the recent epidemic of low academic achievement and noncompetitive SAT scores due to affirmative action admissions policies is to raise academic standards and maintain a high quality curriculum and instructional program at the elementary and secondary school levels. Rather than criticizing ... 9% 6% Social studies 27% 20% The absolute numbers of Wisconsin 10th graders behind those percentages represents a substantial pool of prospects for UW-Madison. However, not many of the...

• Word Count: 1573
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... limits freedom of choice " (Ginsberg, Lowi & Weir, 141). In Planned Parenthood v. Casey, the Supreme Court upheld a 24-hour waiting period, an informed consent requirement, a parental consent provision for minors and a record keeping requirement, while striking down the spousal notice requirement of a Pennsylvania statute. The court overturned its trimester framework and its "strict scrutiny" standard of review, in favor of a new "undue burden" standard ... ...

• Word Count: 2395
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... are found in the Federal Rules of Evidence. Article IX (authentication and identification) and article X (admitting photographs) deal with admissibility. Article IX, rule 901 states the "requirement of authentication or identification, (a) general provision. The requirement of authentication or identification as a condition precedent to admissibility is satisfied by evidence sufficient to support a finding that the matter in question is what its proponent claims ... the Federal Rules of Evidence (contents of writings, recordings, and photographs) discusses the importance of using an ori...

• Word Count: 2858
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... that the seizure was unconstitutionally under Terry v. Ohio and (2) declined to adopt a "plain feel" exception to the Fourth Amendment's warrant requirement. On further appeal, the Minnesota Supreme Court affirmed, expressing the view that: (1) the "plain view" exception to the warrant requirement did not extend to the sense of touch and, further, (2) that the officer did not immediately recognize the substance by touch ... contained no weapons and b) because the officer's further search was constitutionally invalid in that it was not authorized by Terry v. Ohio or any other exception t...

• Word Count: 715
• Approx Pages: 3

... the economy. Is that true? CNN Money stated that New York City's economy had a raise of $259 million during the first year same-sex marriage was legal (Blake). According to UCLA's Williams Institute, which research sexual orientation law and policy, estimated that California businesses would earn $492 million from same-sex marriage and the state may receive $40 million in tax ... ...

• Word Count: 1305
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... change in society's sexual morality. Whereas the first two cases presented ruled in terms both legally and morally, this case represents a strictly legal decision. Nowhere in the opinion of Reno v. UCLA does the court engage in discourse about obscenity and how to define it. In fact, the only time where the term obscenity is mentioned is in direct quotation from the ... ...

• Word Count: 3509
• Approx Pages: 14
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... standpoint can be beneficial. However, this is rarely the case with affirmative action. According to the NIF booklet, a white firefighter received the eleventh highest score on an advancement test. However, a black firefighter who received the ninety-fifth highest score was promoted instead. It makes sense that a firefighter who scored a higher on a test, especially to this degree, would make the community a safer place ... ...

• Word Count: 928
• Approx Pages: 4

... teachers and administrators. Cost may range for one test from $25 to $140 dollars. Beginning teachers must be assessed at three levels: academic skills, subject area, and classroom performance. Expectable score levels are determined by the individual state. But can a test determine whether or not the person will be an effective teacher? According to Lois Weiner, Ed.D., "I failed the essay portion ... knowledge...My doctorate in education is from Harvard...The company that creates, administers and grades the tests [National Evaluation Systems] has refused to consider the challenge I've l...

• Word Count: 2247
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... employment environment and of the employment relationship-(i)by recognizing that employment relationships must be built not only on the implied mutual obligations of trust and confidence, but also on a legislative requirement for good faith behavior; and (ii)by acknowledging and addressing the inherent inequality of power in employment relationships; and (iii)by promoting collective bargaining; and (iv)by protecting the integrity ... on the right to association under the Canadian Charter, the regulatory schemes at the provincial level can nevertheless prevent employees from freely union...

• Word Count: 3245
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... system. The method in which we elect the President is fairly legitimate. The Electoral College consists of representatives who we elect, who then elect the President. Because this fills the requirement of regularly scheduled elections, it is a legitimate process. The President is extremely powerful in foreign policy making; so powerful that scholars now speak of the "Imperial Presidency," implying that the ... , and they must keep written records of everything they do. Bureaucracies focus on rules, but their members are unhappy when the rules are exposed to the public. Bureaucracies viol...

• Word Count: 1451
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... 1992, it was no longer the case that police and government officials had to obtain a warrant before searching someone. The exceptions to the search warrant requirement have greatly increased in number, tending to confine application of the requirement to cases that are exclusively ''criminal'' in nature. Because conservatives and liberals have varying interpretations of the 4th Amendment, there is no doubt that ... ...

• Word Count: 1915
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography

... . Also, there is no cap on office bearers being from outside. Then, there is no test for the representativeness of a trade union, through secret ballots or otherwise and no formal requirement of the recognition of trade unions by employers. A provision like this leads to multiplicity. This impinges on collective bargaining because an agreement with one union is not necessarily binding on ... -A should be completely abolished.  Section 23 can be amended to require prior notice in the case of strikes and lock-outs for all industrial establishments. There can even be a requirement that a ...

• Word Count: 3313
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: High School

... New Jersey v. T.L.O., the Supreme Court wrote: It is evident that the school setting requires some easing of the restrictions to which searches by public authorities are ordinarily subject. The warrant requirement, in particular, is unsuited to the school environment: requiring a teacher to obtain a warrant before searching a child suspected of an infraction of school rules (or of the criminal law) would unduly ... interfere with the maintenance of the swift and informal disciplinary procedures needed in the schools. nor does [the right to privacy for students] require strict requiremen...

• Word Count: 2436
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: High School

... found himself the target of criticisms from SNCC activists who believed he was too cautious. The campaigns were initiated on 1 February 1960 when four black students from North Carolina A&T College sat down at Woolworth's lunch counter in downtown Greensboro, North Carolina. The students -- Joseph McNeil, Izell Blair, Franklin McCain, and David Richmond -- purchased several items in the store before sitting at ... their surprise, they were not arrested. The four students remained seated for almost an hour until the store closed. The following morning about two dozen students arrived at ...

• Word Count: 6336
• Approx Pages: 25

... had gotten historically "tired" of being denied equality. She wanted to be included in society in a full way, something which was denied to people labeled as "black". Therefore, Rosa Parks sat down on a bus in a section reserved for "white" people. When Rosa was told to go to "her place" at the back of the bus, she refused to move, was arrested ... , and history was challenged and changed. All of this happened because Rosa Parks was tired, historically tired, of being excluded. She had sat down and thereby stood up for inclusion. Another cry for inclusion is being heard today. This cry i...

• Word Count: 1822
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate