... Neptune. The gravitational force of Nemesis will then be able to send some of these comets in random directions. Most will travel safely away from our solar system, but there is a chance that others may travel toward us. This then creates the possibility of a collision with Earth. The results of such a collision ... with Nemesis because of their similar periods. A great big clock in the sky is controlling biological destinies on Earth. (Raup 1986). Details of the Nemesis Theory were first documented in Nature by Marc Davis, Piet Hut, and Richard A. Muller in 1984. However, speculation o...

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... the science world, but ironically Wegener's theories for "Continental Drift- would become the basis for the science of Tectonics. The idea of Plate Tectonics' from Alfred Wegener's continental drift theory developed further from Robert S. Dietz and Harry Hess "the idea of sea-floor spreading'. Drummond Matthews and Frederick Vines tied together the earth's magnetic forces with continental movement. Grahame ... grow further apart. In 1963, Drummond Matthews and Frederick Vines, two British Geologists, provided new evidence towards Hess and Dietz conclusions on sea-floor spreading and Wegen...

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• Grade Level: High School

... planets ever came into existence. Thus it was four and one half billion years ago that our solar system was formed from a cloud of dust and hot gasses according to the Big Bang Theory. Now people try and ask where the big bang occurred, and try and get a specific location on ... to exist. They exist to produce the greatest number of offspring. This struggle for existence removes these organisms less well adapted to any particular ecological system and allows those better adapted to flourish. This is the concept of natural selection. Natural selection, development, and evolution require en...

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... "a sort of anti-gravity" an assumption. When it was proved to Einstein later on in time that the universe was expanding he discarded his theory calling it one of his greatest blunders. Building conclusions on a foundation of assumptions, indirect measurements and large uncertainties, seems to be acceptable to ... the knowledge although seemingly correct, is not completely based on fact but each time using "assumptions" of one kind or another. The Big Bang theory: - space and time exploded together into existence about 14 billion years ago. "Assuming there was a large mass of material, w...

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... based on geology; therefore, Price set out to prove geological assumptions wrong in order to reveal the inaccuracies in evolution (Sonder 39-40). Price's theory of new catastrophism stated that "most changes on Earth had been caused by only one catastrophe- Noah's Great Flood- rather than by the multiple ... increments" (Leone 18). This process is referred to as irreducible complexity. Michael J. Behe defines irreducible complexity as "a single system composed of several well-matched, interacting parts that contribute to the basic function, wherein the removal of any one of the parts cau...

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... defied the Catholic geocentric belief of earth being stationary and the center of the universe they were also condemned. The idea of a heliocentric system in which earth and other planets revolve around the sun falsified the sacred text and threatened the Church's authority over the people. As ... slightly earlier, Giordano Bruno, a philosopher and scientist, was executed by the Catholic Church for his beliefs. Bruno not only supported the heliocentric system, he was one of the first to argue the existence of an infinite universe. In the book Ash Wednesday Supper, Bruno even speculated ....

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... same species. This is called natural selection: that the strongest survive. To illustrate I will return to my earlier example of the giraffe. Darwin's theory leads us to believe (hypothetically) that at some point the giraffe did not have its famous elongated neck. And that somewhere on the giraffe's timeline ... explanation is through design by God the heart obtains its end goal. This example, to an extent, is unexplainable by Darwin's Reimer-5 theory of evolution. Darwin's theory relies on the principle that life already exists. However, Aquinas turns the clock back further to offer in...

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... some displacement of the stars, especially if the earth was supposedly displaced a hundred eighty six million miles every six months (Cohen I. 55). Copernicus" heliocentric model did simplify the solar system somewhat more than Ptolemy's model or models did. However, Copernicus" model would not gain popularity and understanding until Galileo and Kepler. Galileo would explain much better the mechanics of the ... the spots on the sun. All of these discoveries in addition to Galileo's studies in physics changed the way man saw the solar system. Galileo did not merely create models of the so...

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... the literal interpretation of the account of the creation of the universe and of all living things related in the Bible, and Evolutionism, or a theory of biological evolution, especially that formulated by Charles Darwin (Dictionary.com). Certainly are others, and one of them might be correct, but today, ... little guys were the start of the very first living organism. One hypothesis, made by scientists, states that RNA were life's first storage system instead of DNA. If that were true, then life based on RNA would have started when RNA fragments began to copy and edit themselves ... co...

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... were other worlds beyond the Earth. Years later, Nicholas Copernicus paved the way for the modern picture of the universe. He came up with a theory of the solar system in which the sun is the central body and other planets revolved around it. A whole new science was born. As a result, many scientists ... acquired astronomical knowledge (Man and Space 9-10). Today, there is no one who can predict just how fast humans will spread out across the solar system or just how far we shall be able to explore it. New technologies such as nuclear propulsion will make it easier to access other plan...

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... and Mars during that time period. In Ptolemy line of thinking the earth is the center of the universe. Ptolemy first described all the description related to the earth-centered system as explained by the Aristotle and he also explores some of his observation as same as the Aristotle explores during his time period. Ptolemy proposed that earth is the centre ... the dated and quantitative observations in order to revise the cosmological models. Dorman (2006) claimed that one of the most prominent theory of Ptolemy is named as "earth centered Universe" and he presented the model of the sol...

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... inquisition by the Holy Catholic Church, he would later recant this statement to satisfy the clergy and avoid death but not imprisonment. This was the first recorded incident of scientific theory challenging religious belief. The Merriam-Webster's definition of science "is the state of knowing: knowledge as distinguished from ignorance or misunderstanding." Science offers simple, valid and logical explanations for some ... who reveals himself in the slight details we are able to perceive with our frail and feeble mind." (Einstein 214) The Merriam-Webster's definition of religion "is a c...

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... major climate changes in the past; can we look for evidence of ocean change during these periods? The Conveyor Belt The global ocean circulation system is called the thermohaline circulation. Often called the "conveyor belt" courtesy of Wallace Broecker who in an article for Natural History in 1987 ... for BBC Horizon called "The big Chill" Broecker said "I am convinced that the ocean is at the core of the whole thing". This theory helped explain the Younger Dryas Ice age. Driven by the Milankovitch variations the ice began its retreat about 16,000 years ago. Warm, salty ... less moistur...

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... which make up most of its surface. It also contains a range of gases, of which make it possible for us humans to exist and is a system that exists between plants and animals here. The Earth has three layers to its interior, the inner core, outer core, and mantle. Of these, the ... activity on Earth created new landforms and changed other landmasses. The Earth has one of the most resourceful atmospheres because of the way the solar system here picks up water and carries it around the Earth for redistribution. We have a substantial atmosphere that consists mostly of oxygen and nitrogen th...

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... that parallel those experienced on Earth. The Martian summer is, relatively speaking, warmer than its winter. Mars ids the only other planet in the solar system other than Earth that has polar ice caps, and these can be seen to expand and recede seasonally, just like the ice caps on Earth. ... however, reach a comfortable (by human standards) 80 degrees Farenheit, closer to an Earthly temperature range than can be found anywhere else in the solar system. (Yenne) Because of that one Martian rock found on the ice in Antarctica, and because science's understanding of biology, especially micr...

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In 1963, the Canadian geophysicist who discovered transform faults came up with an original idea that became known as the "hotspot" theory. His name is John Tuzo Wilson and he claimed that not all volcanic activity could be related to present day active tectonic plate borders. Wilson noted that in certain locations ... million years. Most of these are located under plate interiors (for example, the African Plate), but some occur near diverging plate boundaries. Some are concentrated near the mid-oceanic ridge system, such as beneath Iceland, the Azores, and the Galapagos Islands. These islan...

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... explain the world according to that element. Sometimes these elements were one of the basic four elements; earth, fire, air, and water. Sometimes they were more abstract such as Anaximander's theory. "...The principle element of existing things was the aperion... it is neither water nor any other of the so-call elements, but some other aperion nature, from which come into ... examine this question, I will break down the Buddhist Cosmology and see the affects of the near isolation from Western civilization. The Buddhist cosmology is summed up as, "a single, circular world system surround...

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... pretty clear how excessive consumption affects the worlds resources. So, what can we do to stop this out of control usage? Professor John P. Holdren of the University of California has a theory that could possibly balance out the world's consumption, bridge the poverty gap, and bring the population growth to a steady rate. To achieve this balance we must halt world population at ... solving this global problem. Dr. Paul Ehrlich was able to sum up the situation well in his book Population Bomb (1968); "We must have population control at home, hopefully through a system of incentives and ...

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The Effects of Global Warming Global Warming will perhaps be, in theory, one of the greatest threats to test the capabilities of mankind. Its effects are predicted to be catastrophic: dramatic climate changes, leading to the melting of the polar ice caps ... impacts of hotter temperatures themselves. Extremely hot temperatures increase the number of people who die on a given day for many reasons: People with heart problems are vulnerable because one's cardiovascular system must work harder to keep the body cool during hot weather. Heat exhaustion and some respiratory problems increase. Highe...

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The Effects of Global Warming Global Warming will perhaps be, in theory, one of the greatest threats to test the capabilities of mankind. Its effects are predicted to be catastrophic: dramatic climate changes, leading to the melting of the polar ice caps ... impacts of hotter temperatures themselves. Extremely hot temperatures increase the number of people who die on a given day for many reasons: People with heart problems are vulnerable because one's cardiovascular system must work harder to keep the body cool during hot weather. Heat exhaustion and some respiratory problems increase. Highe...

• Word Count: 1527
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• Grade Level: High School