... a number of protocols like HTTP, FTP and Telnet etc. Each of these protocols work on a specified port. If any of these ports are unguarded, a hacker can take control over your machine. So, to control access to all protocols and port numbers firewalls are to be installed. Firewalls can be broadly classified into application proxy firewalls and packet filtering firewalls. Application proxy ... anything outside your network must go through the proxy server. The proxy firewall will grant or block access depending upon predefined rules. These rules can be defined based on the machine's IP ad...

• Word Count: 3669
• Approx Pages: 15

... made its debut in the early 1600's. This device, invented by Charles Napier, consisted of a series of rods that could be used to perform multiplication. The first digital calculation machine was built by Blaise Pascal in 1642. Pascal, intending to help his father (a tax collector), created a system of dials that could perform the addition of numbers. Several decades ... introduced that could perform all four basic arithmetic operations. While Thomas was busy creating the desktop calculator, Charles Babbage (a mathematics professor in Cambridge, England), began to design a more complex m...

• Word Count: 7384
• Approx Pages: 30
• Grade Level: High School

... machines have become common in the workplace and homes. Though the prehistory of computing was largely dominated by educational, governmental and commercial organization, today the computer is no longer a mere machine that was built for word-processing and databasing - it is now a medium of global communication (Allan 2000. Sv "Cybersocieties"). With the ability to communicate with people worldwide (in ... Pamela McCorduck refers to this new breed of aesthetic creators as 'meta-artists': "For now the meta-artist stands alone, as artist and computer scientist, a pioneer who seized the em...

• Word Count: 3117
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... a circuit switched line. The result of this experiment was the realization that the time-shared computers could work well together, running programs and retrieving data as necessary on the remote machine. However, it was also discovered that the throughput of telephone circuit switching technology was inadequate to accomplish their goals. Thus their experiment set the ng research in setting up a nationwide ... at Duke University, and Steve Bellovin at the University of North Carolina in 1979 (Hardy, 1993). It was used to transport news and views by allowing a user to connect to a machin...

• Word Count: 4375
• Approx Pages: 18
• Has Bibliography

... the fast moving life of the modern world of today, computers hold tremendous significance. Many of us will feel crippled without a computer, as we have gotten so used to this machine. The importance of computers can not be denied in the corporate or business world, at the work place and even in one's personal life. In the modern work place, pen ... and paper stop to exist altogether. Same is the case in schools and colleges. Children today are forgetting how to write and many blame their awful hand writing on this machine which has taught everyone to type at a speed of at least 50 to 60...

• Word Count: 3020
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: High School

... to filter this type of e-mail, but still millions of spam mailings get through all the time. A down side often pointed out is the impersonal contact between business to machine and machine to customer. Cohesion between marketing and internet technologies is absent. Another downside is not being able to look at and hold the product. These problems are often overcome by the ... ...

• Word Count: 2624
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: High School

... . Email presents a network with perhaps its greatest realistic threat. Most computers will definitely receive virus attacks. Some viruses are jokes but others can delete all of the data from the machine it infests, cause system instability or completely overload a network. Others are designed to open a "back door- into a system giving a hacker easy and complete access to ... a machine. Such programs are called Trojans' and perhaps the most well known example was the Back Orifice' Trojan which almost rendered Microsoft NT web servers defenceless. The amount of downtime in ... ...

• Word Count: 3063
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... that attaches itself to a file and replicates itself (Sims 2002). The virus could corrupt the data it invades and could use the computer's processing resources to attempt to crash the machine. The effects of all of the above can or cannot be done by the virus; it all depends on what the hacker wants. Prevention and protection against hacking There are ... , sometimes federally and this just leads to disparity and inequities in the justice system. Also, what and when to seize are baffling issues. The computer's role should determine if the machine itself is to be seized or to be searched ...

• Word Count: 3531
• Approx Pages: 14
• Has Bibliography

... than their employees do. They are not willing to risk losing face in front of a colleague or employee by asking how to use the new word processing program or fax machine. This leaves corporate management trapped between a rock and hard place. The media and consultants are telling executives and their technical staff that they need to constantly improve and update their ... them more productive. A study by an accounting firm in San Rafael, California, found that the typical personal computer user spends forty-three percent of his or her time on the machine "futzing' with the computer (th...

• Word Count: 5590
• Approx Pages: 22
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... into society right away. They feared for their jobs and felt machines were taking them away. Soon after the invention of the Arithmometer, Charles Babbage designed an automatic mechanical calculating machine called the difference engine. The difference engine was a great advance for technology. It was steam powered and fully automatic. It not only created tables but it printed them out. A fixed ... ...

• Word Count: 2656
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... a personal digital assistant(PDA) that enables him or her to receive tests and homework over an infrared beam from Sorrell's PDA. Now, instead of standing in line at the copy machine, she transfers all information to her students using the PDAs. The PDAs also have a calendar function to help plan when the assignments are due and also have a calculator to help ... ...

• Word Count: 4203
• Approx Pages: 17
• Has Bibliography

... , relatively isolated mainframe machines were augmented by small-scale, much more widely available personal computers. Time magazine, reflecting public recognition of the importance of this augmentation, designated the personal computer "Machine of the Year" in January 1983. During the remainder of the 1980s computer ethics became a theme for discussion and education, especially among professions within the computer community. This discussion has ... ...

• Word Count: 6015
• Approx Pages: 24
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... , relatively isolated mainframe machines were augmented by small-scale, much more widely available personal computers. Time magazine, reflecting public recognition of the importance of this augmentation, designated the personal computer "Machine of the Year" in January 1983. During the remainder of the 1980s computer ethics became a theme for discussion and education, especially among professions within the computer community. This discussion has ... ...

• Word Count: 6015
• Approx Pages: 24
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... an Internet connection for example ABC News. Users fill out a profile specifying what types of information they want. The profile acts as a filter and is stored either on the client's machine (client-based filter) or on the push vendor's server (server-based filter). Based on the user's profile, the vendor's server searches across a variety of Web sites or its own channel ... ...

• Word Count: 3843
• Approx Pages: 15
• Grade Level: High School

... the program in his computer, the virus or worm becomes active. Once running, viruses and worms can inflict a great deal of damage in the system. They can either take over a machine, spread, multiply, destroy or alter data, propagate, or even remain inactive for some period of time. 2.9: Denial-of-service: These can be considered attacks who's aim is to hamper a certain ... ...

• Word Count: 2550
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... an Internet connection for example ABC News. Users fill out a profile specifying what types of information they want. The profile acts as a filter and is stored either on the client's machine (client-based filter) or on the push vendor's server (server-based filter). Based on the user's profile, the vendor's server searches across a variety of Web sites or its own channel ... ...

• Word Count: 3929
• Approx Pages: 16
• Grade Level: High School