1. the real sicence
Firstly, the sciences were extremely weak especially in mathematics in the 19th century. "One of the serious problems in Chinese mathematics was the absence of rigorous proof. ... They also lacked trigonometry, an essential tool for mathematical astronomy. As a result, the Chinese were forced to employ Arabic astronomers from 13th century onwards" (Bekar,carlaw and lipsey) In Personally, despite the very well-developed state of Chinese technology, abstract mathematics was extremely weak - geometry was fragmented and ad-hoc, arithmetics was there but algebra was primitive (partly due to th...
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